8 Plants Used by Sheep on Mountain Range. 



coral berry, Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx., ocean spray, Holodiscus 

 discolor Maxim., wild rose, Rosa pisocarpc. Gray, and thimble berry, 

 Rubus parviflorus Nutt. 



The open ground is covered with pine grass, Calamagrostis sufys- 

 dorfii Scribn., mixed with various herbs such as species of Lathyrus and 

 Fragaria. 



Higher up on the mountains, above 3500 feet altitude, the under- 

 brush becomes more abundant and changes in character. Sticky laurel 

 or buckbrush, Ceanothus velutinus Dougl., replaces the common buck- 

 brush, Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh, of the lower level. At about 4000 

 feet a great deal of huckleberry brush, Vaccinium macrophyllum 

 (Hook.) Piper, comes in. 



THE WHITE PINE FORESTS. 



In northern Idaho, the western white pine, Pinus monticola Dougl., 

 is the dominant tree of what the plant geographers call the Canadian 

 zone. As represented in the region under consideration, this is a very 

 sharply limited :\nd easily distinguished zone. Here it does not begin 

 at the upper edge of the yellow pine and run up L ountain sides but it 

 covers a wide expanse of lower country bounded on the southwest by 

 the Mica and other mountains and extending east vardly to the Bitter 

 Root mountains. 



The white pine region lies at altitudes varying around 3000 feet. 

 It is composed of innumerable small hills separated by rather steep can- 

 yons in which flow small streams. At intervals the stream bottoms 

 widen out into wet meadows. It is these meadows which, from the 

 standpoint of human geography, form the key to the country. (Figs. 

 1, 3, and 4.) 



THE WOODS. 



The white pine forests cover the hills and run down to the edge 

 of each meadow, extending out into the meadow just as far as the wet- 

 ness of the soil will permit. The western white pine is the dominant 

 tree but the white fir, Abies grandis Lindl., is almost as abundant and 

 along the edge of the meadow far outstrips in number of individuals all 

 other trees. Here it stands in striking groups. There being no crowd- 

 ing, its branches are retained to the ground and the individuals of vary- 

 ing sizes form conical spires which excel in beauty of shape and in artistic 

 grouping the best effects of the landscape gardener. Douglas fir is also 

 mixed with the white pine in considerable quantities. The white pine 

 woods are dense and dark, and are always rroist. 



The underbrush is dense and uniform. It is composed chiefly oi 

 huckleberry, Vaccinium macrophyllum (Hook.) Piper, mixed with ser- 

 vice berry, Amelanchier florida Lindl., alder, Alnus sinuata (Regel.) 

 Rydberg., coral berry, Symphoricarpos racemcsus Michx., honeysuckle, 

 Lonicera utahensis Wats., Pachistima myrsirites (Pursh) Raf., and the 



