low zero and at times as low as 23 degrees below. The results were 

 thus secured under the most unfavorable rather than favorable 

 circumstances and should be easily duplicated in the future. As 

 the cows have not lost in weight on pasture without grain from 

 the iQth of April to the 29th of June, it is reasonable to suppose 

 that they will maintain their weight throughout the summer where 

 ample range is provided to insure an abundance of grass through- 

 out the season. With pasture at $1.00 per head per month, the 

 total cost of maintenance throughout the year will be $15.22 per 

 head, or with pasture at $2.00 per head it will amount to $22.22, 



Figure 8. Group of Shorthorn cows at close of silaye feeding experiment 



either of which estimates allow ample profit from the growing of 

 crops and a reasonable rate of interest on land kept in permanent 

 pasture. Only a few of the cows have produced calves during the 

 progress of the experiment. The oldest of these weighed 520 

 pounds when six months of age, which, at prevailing beef prices, 

 would allow a profit of from $10 to $15 on the cost of keeping the 

 cow. This system of farming will permit a uniform distribution 

 of labor throughout the year, a maximum profit in the production 

 of crops, the maintenance of soil fertility at a minimum expense 

 and the utilization of all rough and broken land capable of pro- 

 ducing grass. It will also solve the problem of securing feeding 

 cattle at less cost than they can be purchased on the central markets 

 of the country, eliminate loss in transit and insure a better bred 

 lot of cattle in those sections of the state where the system is fol- 

 lowed. The state of Pennsylvania is especially adapted to the pro- 

 duction of grass and silage, which are the two crops considered in 

 this experiment. The local demand for beef is greater than in any 

 other section of the country, which should insure profitable pro- 

 duction of beef within its borders through a long series of years. 



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