lince fir and spruce era "order peucr.t market conditions un- 

 merohantable. o foiling cycle or period in r;hich the e-tlro 

 forest is cut over is usually about 40 yearc. Therefore occh 

 working circle is divided into about 40 compartments, one of 

 7,-hich is cut over each year. Branches are sometimes pilel r.r.d 

 burned in this type whereas in chir pine the tops ere merely 

 topped. Hail pine gives much trouble since it ^rorg ^ush 

 fester than deodar especially vrhen young. Systematic cleanlnrs 

 uro made every ten years and all kail '"hioh is suppressing 

 healthy deodars is cut down or girdled or if not directly e'oova 

 is pruneu of branches to a distance of 6' to S 1 above the top of 

 the deodr.r. '-."here other trees are found intorferin^ rith either 

 deodar or lcr.il they are out or girdled. Formerly cleanin.ra 

 rere vory heavy, but the present policy is more lenient tofards 

 kail ?toich grorvs much faster than deodar thoujh not profucin^ so 

 valuable a wood. On the "hole kail v.-ould be an excellent tree 

 to plant in all sur-ar pine sites in the Sierras ar.d for this 

 reason is a most interesting tree to the Americrn forester though 

 looked upon vrith c.isfavor in India. 



Most forests are veil covered with an excellent evs- 

 tem of trails. These are very \ ell constructed, rsany in fr.ct 

 beias alnost roads and are used as export roads for tinber. The 

 trees are sawed bv hand in the Broods into rallroac. ties or lon,^ 

 dimension stuff which is carried to the nearest drive.ble strecrs 

 on the backs of coolies v/ho oarn 4 to 6 cents per day. A rriv- 

 able stream, however, need contain very little rater since a 

 method of driving called telescopic floating is employed. Ar.y 

 stream may be driven no matter how steep provided iCO to ICO 

 miners inches of water are available. A ruc"o trough is con- 

 structed of ties laid do-.7n in the bee" of the stream more ties 

 boin^r continur.lly floated dorm to form the front end of the 

 T.ume. '.("hon the entire amount to be exported has thus been 

 built Into a roujh trough the rear end is takon up and .floated 

 fo- n to be added "to the "front end and so on till a lar-e stream 

 or river ir roache". 



Pire lines of two kinds are made, first, narrow lines 

 1 to 2J feet wide along well traveled trails and secondly large 

 lines 100 to 00 feet t:i<*e alonp- the crest of rid^os. 

 must be r^one over every year, the grass cut and burned and 

 the reproduction cut out. 



Grazing is an important factor on most forests, 

 very successful system is employed in handling sheep and p-oats 



