The foreman gives to each cutting orew a 'strip 11 

 on which to cut. This crew is usually made up of three men - 

 a chopper who notches the tree and, after it is felled, chipa 

 into the berk the length of the logs, usually 12, 14 or 16 

 feet; the sawyers who fell the tree and cut it into the 

 proper length, and the swampers who then come in, cut away 

 the brush to each log, trim off any limbs and make the log 

 accessible for the skidding team. This team drags the logs 

 with tongo to the wheel road, making bunches of three to 

 four logs. Tho "big wheels", ten to twelve feet in diameter, 

 are then run straddling the bunch of logs. After letting 

 the tongue of the wheels point skyward, thus chaining the 

 logs to the large 12 x 12 axle, the tongue is drawn down and 

 the logs are lifted from the ground, swinging freely. They 

 are then taken to the bank, piled on inclined skldways and 

 loaded on the logging oars. The loading is done either by 

 the cross-haul or loader. With the croBS-haul a chain is 

 \. rapped around the log and one end fastened to the car. To 

 the other end a' team io hitched and the log is rolled onto 

 the car. The loader is a sheer leg arrangement for picking 

 the log up, with hooks in eaoh end, lifting it onto the car, 

 a man at each end guiding the log with ropes. About 2 M is 

 loaded on each car. The logs are then hauled and immediately 

 milled* 



When the first light snows fall, "draya" are used 

 to get the logs to the banking ground. These are stoilar 

 to single bobsleighs, with a spiked cross piece. The logs 

 are rolled with cant hooks on the drays, chained, and half 

 drawn, half dragged to the bank. In winter the sleighs are 

 used and loads of many thousands of feet are easily hauled in 

 this way. 



In Kentucky a large part of the work is done by 

 contract as labor is less reliable. Felling crews of two 

 men get from $ 0.75 to $1.00 p er y. On the more moderate 

 slopes oxen are uoed to skid the logs to the banking ground 

 at the bottom of the coves, but on the steeper slopes horses 

 are used for they must often move rapidly to get away from 

 the danger of rolling or sliding logs. The logo are then 

 cross-hauled onto the oraall cars which run on a pole road. 

 Poles five to six feet are cut and Joined at the ends and 

 a road similar to a railroad is made. Tho wheels of the car 

 have a very large concave flange to fit the poles. The cars 

 are then hauled by mules down the coves to the railroad on the 

 main stream where they are loaded on the oars by a steara- 

 loader and taken to the mill. 



0. 12. Evans. 



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