IOO PAPER IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 



that vast quantities of toys are made from paper and wood pulp, 

 it being much easier to press forms out of pulp than to cut them 

 from wood. 



PRODUCTION, FUEL, MACHINERY, WAGES, ETC. 



For a report on Germany's water power, sent from this office, 

 see Consular Reports No. 219, page 618.* Saxony alone has 50,000 

 horsepower. I am not able to obtain figures for the Empire. I may 

 add, however, that the water ways of no part of the world are more 

 employed in industries than are those of this Empire. The system 

 of canalization is perhaps the most perfect on earth, and it is being 

 constantly extended. 



Coal is mostly used as fuel. It comes from Westphalia and Sile- 

 sia and the so-called mineral mountains. These latter, with the 

 Bohemian hills, furnish a brown coal. Berlin buys 1,000,000 or 

 2,000,000 tons annually from England. The production of hard coal 

 is 76,750,000 tons, worth $121, 380,000; of brown coal, 22,100,000 

 tons, worth $12,661,000. 



This Empire's forests are the best cared for on earth. Twenty- 

 five and eight-tenths per cent of the total area is wooded. Of the 

 woodlands, 8.6 per cent are covered with oaks, elms, maples, etc., 

 and 17.2 per cent with pine, spruce, and the like. Few grasses 

 are used, except such as are imported. Rags and waste material are 

 worked up, as with us, only there is not, perhaps, the same abun- 

 dance of rags. Many of the raw materials rags, grasses, and 

 woods are imported. The question, "What are the costs of each 

 to the manufacturer and what are the facilities of transportation? " 

 is hard to answer. No one will give such accurate details of his 

 business as this question calls for. Then, too, prices differ. Fac- 

 tories in the seaside cities have hardly as much to pay as inland 

 cities. The cost of transportation, while, as a rule, very reasonable, 

 is an important item in the annual accounts. The rivers, canals, 

 and railroads offer excellent means of transportation. The Rhine is 

 navigable for large boats as far up as Mannheim, the Main to points 

 far inland, the Elbe beyond Prague in Bohemia, etc. From the 

 Memel, in the north, to the Danube, in the south, almost every 

 water way in the Empire, canal or river, is made to aid industries, 

 either for purposes of transportation or power. 



The facilities for making paper machinery are equal to those for 

 making other machines, labor, coal, iron, and transportation being 

 comparatively cheap. There are 344 mills that make paper-mill 

 machines and 501 that make paper machinery of various kinds. 

 Some of these export. 



*Advance Sheets No. 266 (November 5, 1898). 



