EUROPE : RUSSIA. 



221 



The following table shows the development of wood-pulp fac- 

 tories and paper mills in Russia during the last fifteen years: 



The principal wood-pulp factories are in the governments of 

 Vilna, Volhynia, Novgorod, St. Petersburg, and Estland. 



Russia produces over 9,677 tons of wood pulp, estimated at 

 about $39.91 per ton. There are 6 cellulose factories in Russia, ex- 

 cluding Finland, whose production is about 16,129 tons, the average 

 price for bleached being from $79.83 to $95.79 per ton, and for un- 

 bleached about $63. 86 per ton. 



There is i cellulose factory in each of the governments of St. 

 Petersburg, Lifland, Novgorod, Moscow, Vologda, and Vitebsk. 

 While European Russia in its northern and eastern parts is rich in 

 timber, the absence of cheap motive power has prevented the devel- 

 opment of the wood-pulp and cellulose industry to an extent equal 

 to the requirements of the interior, the excess being drawn from 

 Finland. 



Paper mills are principally situated in the governments of St. 

 Petersburg, Kaluga, Warsaw, Finland, and Tver, which manufac- 

 ture the various grades of goods, except fine stationery, sold in the 

 market. A large percentage of wood pulp and cellulose is used in 

 the northern and western paper-producing regions, more than in the 

 southern governments, such as Kursk, Orel, Voronezsh, and Kharkof, 

 which are still so rich in linen rags that they require no substitutes. 



There are 15 paper mills in Finland, operating 30 improved ma- 

 chines, owned by Germans and English, which manufacture news, 

 letter, wrapping, and wall paper. The workmen in these mills 

 receive 2 to 5 marks per day. 



There are 57 cardboard factories in Russia, whose production in 

 1896 amounted to $1,077,946.50, furnishing employment to 1,945 

 workmen. The cardboard is made from straw and wood pulp and 

 is protected by a duty of 90 copecks per pood ($28.74 per ton). 



Russia produces all kinds of paper, but the middling and lower 

 grades are in greater demand. The better grades are imported from 

 England ; the United States, and Germany. 



Russian paper made from wood pulp is not so strong as that made 

 in Germany. 



