EUROPE: UNITED KIXCDOM. 279 



men, a highly trained and able army of commercial travelers, and 

 a large array of weekly and monthly trade journals. 



The usual sizes of paper manufactured are presented in Appen- 

 dix A. The cheapest news paper is to be had for 2^ cents per 

 pound ; for book printing, the price would range from 3 cents up- 

 ward ; for writing papers, from 4 to 24 cents; for handmade and 

 drawing papers, from 36 to 48 cents. Terms- are 5 per cent for one 

 month, 2^/2 per cent for three months, net for six months. 



The names, addresses, and nature of output of the paper manu- 

 facturers in this district are given in Appendix B. There are 96 

 papers published in the district, and the average number of printers 

 in each town. There is no unusual or novel employment of paper.' 



The supplies of paper used in the district come largely through 

 the great distributing houses of London, and the bulk is English 

 made; but Norway, Sweden, Holland, Belgium, Germany, and Aus- 

 tria are represented more or less in the goods consumed in this 

 district, as is also the United States. 



The water power of the district is all utilized; but most of the 

 paper mills are operated by steam power, burning Welsh coals, 

 which are delivered at a charge of about $3 per ton. There are no 

 indigenous fibers, and makers use rags, wood pulp, esparto, rope, 

 and waste. No paper-making machinery is turned out in the dis- 

 trict. Labor is cheaper here than in the thickly populated Midlands 

 or north, girls earning a minimum of $2 per week, and men ordinarily 

 up to $7. A few mills turn out handmade, but the bulk of the prod- 

 uct is machine made, engine sized and tub sized. All plant is con- 

 tinually being modernized and the output increased. There are 

 only 1 6 mills in this district, and these are by no means the largest 

 in the Kingdom. 



IMPORTS. 



There is little direct import of paper into Bristol, as will be seen 

 by appended tables ; but most of the imported goods sold here come by 

 rail from London. From the Continent or the United States come 

 news papers, book-printing papers, brown glazed packing paper, col- 

 ored poster-printing papers, writing papers, manila and cartridge pa- 

 pers, white and colored flint and enamel papers for box makers, fancy 

 box papers, strawboards, wood-pulp boards, cardboards. The larger 

 proportion comes through import houses in London, who send or- 

 ders through the travelers and agents of continental houses calling 

 upon them. These travelers and agents do not, as a rule, establish 

 direct communications with buyers in this or other districts in Eng- 

 land, but find it more convenient and economical to sell in large 

 quantities to wholesale stationers in London, who are represented 

 by branches in the other cities and towns. 



