EUROPE: UNITED KINGDOM. 



289 



being a very rich coal-producing district, fuel is very cheap. The 

 qualities usually consumed by manufacturers range in price from 25. 

 to 55. 6d. (50 cents to $1.30) per ton at coalpits. The cheapest 

 grade might properly be termed coal refuse. 



None of the paper mills here is more than 15 miles from the coal- 

 pits; some are in the immediate vicinity of the pits, and nearly all 

 are connected with the pits by rail. 



The only classes of raw material for paper making available here 

 are rags and waste materials collected by dealers. 



In former years, large quantities of esparto grass were imported 

 at Burntisland for the Fife paper mills; but I am informed that very 

 little is received now. 



The linen factories furnish large quantities of raw material for 

 paper making, in the form of old Jacquard cards, waste yarns, waste 

 twines, and linen clippings. Old Jacquard cards are sold at i los. 

 ($7-3) P er ton f- - b. Dunfermline. Waste material of the other 

 classes above named are sold to waste merchants at prices ranging 

 from iys. to i ($4.14 to $4.86) per ton, according to amount. 

 Large quantities are shipped to the United States from Dundee and 

 other ports. 



Thousands of tons of raw material for the manufacture of paper 

 are therefore annually produced by the linen factories in this con- 

 sular district. 



Engineers at Leith have made a specialty of paper-making ma- 

 chinery for years, and have now the best of facilities for that class 

 of work. That city has consequently become the principal place 

 in Scotland for the manufacture of paper-making machinery, and 

 engineering firms here have given up making it; but parts of the 

 paper-making machines manufactured at Leith are often cast in 

 the foundries in this city. The contracts for the machines, however, 

 go to Leith. The manufacture of paper is conducted generally on 

 modern methods, and some of the mills have recently added new 

 machines of the latest type. 



Cost of labor at paper mills. 



S C R P & P- 



19. 



