EUROPE: UNITED KINGDOM. 315 



Paper-hanging manufacturers and dealers. 



Lightbown, Aspinall & Co., Limited, Hayfield Mills, Pendleton, 

 Manchester. 



Pegamoid, Limited, 6 Tib street, Manchester. 



Wylie & Lockhead, Limited, 5 Portland street, Manchester. 



C. & J. G. Potter, Darwen, Lancashire. 



There are 30 publications, 293 printers, 67 publishers, 27 paper- 

 bag makers, and 33 paper-box makers. 



The consumption of paper in this district is rapidly increasing. 

 This is borne out by the introduction of new wide machines in Eng- 

 lish mills, and also by increased importations. Germany sends more 

 imports than any other foreign country. 



PRODUCTION. 



Very little water power is used in this country. Wood pulp, 

 esparto, and rags are used for paper making. 



There is but one large firm making paper machinery in this dis- 

 trict, viz, Bentley & Jackson, Limited, Lodge Bank Works, Bury, 

 Lancashire. It makes all kinds of machinery of this class, one of 

 the chief being a rag-cutting machine. 



The paper is both machine and hand made. The processes and 

 methods of manufacture are modern. 



IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 



As to the classes of paper imported, that for newspapers is chiefly 

 in demand. This is due to the fact that such countries as the United 

 States and Scandinavia have natural resources for the production of 

 wood pulp, turning it into paper of the kind suitable for newspaper 

 printing. 



Very little paper is sent to foreign countries, the bulk of the 

 trade being with British colonies for instance, Australia, South 

 Africa, and British Indies. 



WILLIAM -F. GRINNELL, 



MANCHESTER, April 15, 1899. Consul. 



SHEFFIELD. 



POPULATION. 



The total population of the city of Sheffield, according to the 

 last census, taken in 1891, was 324,243, and its present estimated 

 population is 361,815. The percentage of illiterate persons is not 

 known. The number of illiterate voters at the election of a school 

 board in 1894 was 261, or less than i per cent. The people have 

 mechanical traits, and paper is produced. 



