SOUTH AMERICA: BRAZIL. 357 



About half a dozen wholesale firms are engaged in the paper- 

 importing trade, viz, E. Van Orden & Co., Casa Garraux, M. H. 

 Biihnaeds & Co., Laemmert & Co., Alves & Co., J. C. Endrizzi & 

 Co., Companhia Industrial de Sao Paulo, Companhia Impressora 

 Paulista all located at the city of Sao Paulo. The number of 

 printers is about 10. None do important work, excepting Casa 

 Garraux and Van Orden & Co. The publishers are Garraux, Laem- 

 mert, and a dozen newspapers. 



The chief articles manufactured from paper are blank books, sta- 

 tionery, confetti, and paper flowers. The consumption of paper 

 is likely to increase, because this district is prosperous, has been 

 progressing very rapidly of late, and is probably the most flourish- 

 ing region in South America. The German element dominates, the 

 French ranking next. 



All kinds of paper are imported at prices too varied for enumer- 

 ation, from Germany principally, England sending but a small 

 quantity. The banking facilities leave nothing to be desired. Three 

 English banks, one German, one French, and several native banks 

 extend every known convenience for international transactions 

 through branch offices and corresoondents all over Europe and the 

 United States. 



WATER POWER, FUEL, RAW MATERIALS, AND MILLS. 



As a consequence of the undulating topography of the State, 

 waterfalls abound; and this source of power is practically inexhaust- 

 ible, not more than 5,000 horsepower having been applied so far. 



Imported coal and domestic timber are the fuels. Transporta- 

 tion facilities are afforded by over 3,000 kilometers (1,800 miles) of 

 railroads in good and regular working order; the rivers are not 

 navigable. 



An abundance of suitable fibers is grown, notably the bamboo, 

 and there are also a-vailable the rags and waste materials of the 

 towns. 



No facilities exist for making paper machinery, and none is made. 



The cost of labor is 50 to 75 cents a day. 



There are only two paper mills organized in this State, one at 

 Sao Paulo and one at Itu; their output is small and of coarse qual- 

 ity. The power employed is derived from modern imported ma- 

 chinery, driven by water. 



DUTIES. 



The import duties are levied by the Federal Government and 

 are uniform in every Brazilian port. I transcribe here the principal 

 of the widely classified duties, calculated at the exchange of 8d. (16 



