EUROPE: UNITED KINGDOM. 451 



Northeastern Paper Mill Company, Marsden, South Shields, 

 county of Durham; makes news from wood pulp, imported. 



Fletcher, Falconar & Co., Scotswood, Newcastle; manilas and 

 browns; from $1.70 to $4.38 per cwt. of 112 pounds; use old ropes 

 and baggings. 



Grace & Co., Scotswood, Newcastle; manilas and browns; use 

 old ropes and baggings. 



Tyne Paper Mill Company, Pipewellgate, Gateshead-on-Tyne; 

 browns; use ropes and baggings. 



E. Richardson & Sons, Limited, Teams and Felling Shore Paper 

 Mills, Gateshead-on Tyne; browns; use ropes and baggings. 



POWER AND FUEL. 



Steam power is used solely in paper making here. There is no 

 undeveloped water power of any importance. 



Coal is the principal fuel employed; the supply is abundant, and 

 the transportation facilities are excellent. Gas engines are also ex- 

 tensively used. Steam coal costs $2.43 per ton; gas, 47 cents per 

 1,000 cubic feet, less 10 per cent. 



RAW MATERIAL. 



There is no -timber or grass available for paper making here. 

 Peat, which could be mixed advantageously with other materials in 

 the manufacture of the coarser kinds of paper, is plentiful in this dis- 

 trict, but is not made use of. Rags and other waste materials are 

 collected in the usual way. The following are classed as "paper- 

 making material : " Old bagging, flax waste, hemp waste, hide cut- 

 tings, jute waste, linen waste, old netting, oilcloth cuttings, old sails 

 and old tarpaulins, rags (not oily), old rope, shakings from cotton 

 mills, strawboard cuttings, old sugar mats, tow waste, waste paper, 

 wood fiber, wood pulp, paper pulp. 



I should say the facilities for making paper machinery here are 

 good, but none is made. 



LABOR AND WAGES. 



The cost of labor in paper mills is as follows : Foremen receive 

 up to $19. 47 a week; boys, $3.65 per week, nine-hour shifts, fifty-six 

 hours per week; women (working only from 8 a. m. to 5 p. m., and 

 no overtime), from $4.38 to $5.11 per week. 



IMPORTS. 



In 1893, 1,836 tons of wood pulp were imported into the Tyne, 

 and in 1898 10,126 tons. The following shows the quantities of 



