190. AMIDES; AMANITINE, ETC. 205 



ylautine, see Probst; 1 fumarine, see Pommier, Hannon, and 

 Preuss; 2 gelsemine, see Eobbins 3 (cf. 55, 171); hydrastine, 

 see Perrins ; 4 jurubebine, see Greene; 5 loturine, see 168; meni- 

 spermine and paramenispermine, see Szteyner ; 6 oleandrine, see 

 Leukowsky; 7 oxyacanthine, see Polex; 8 pelletierine (punicine), see 

 Tanret. 9 



Pere'irine, see Goos. 10 It dissolves with purple colour in nitric 

 acid. 



Sparteine, see Mills (cf. 55) ; n taxine, see Marme (cf. 55, 

 171) ; 12 lycopodine, 13 nupharine. 1 * 



190. Amides. The following are amides of less complex 

 constitution occasionally met with in plants : 



Amanitine, which may be distinguished from muscarine by the 

 properties of the gold salt ( 183) and by the negative results 

 of physiological experiments. 15 It is isomeric, but not identical 

 with choline (neurine, sinkaline), and is converted into muscarine 

 by the action of nitric acid, whereas, under similar conditions, 

 choline yields beta'ine ( = butylalanine and oxyneurine). Musca- 

 rine differs from betaine in being more powerfully alkaline. 16 



1 Annal. d. Chem. und Pharm. xxix. 120, xxxi. 250, 1838 (Amer. Journ. 

 Pharm. xxxiii. 9). 



2 N. Repert. f. Pharm. ii. 469, 1853 ; Vierteljahresschr. f. pract. Pharm. 

 iii. 68, 1852 ; Zeitschr. f. Chem. ii. 414, 1866. 



3 Jahresb. f. Pharm. 152, 1876 (Amer. Journ. Pharm. 191, 1876). Robbing 

 identified the so-called gelsemic acid with aesculin. 



4 Pharm. Journ. and Trans. [2], iii. 546, 1862. See also Mahla, Journ. f. 

 pract. Chem. xci. 248 ; Prescott, Amer. Journ. Pharm. xlvii. 481, 1875 ; 

 Hale, ibid. 247. 



5 Amer. Journ. Pharm. xlix. 506, 1877. 



6 Jahresb. f. Pharm. 141, 1878. 



7 Ibid. xlvi. 397. 



8 Archiv d. Pharm. [1], vi. 271, 1824 (Amer. Journ. Pharm. xxxiii. 455). 



9 Journ. de Pharm. et de Chimie, xxviii. 168, 1878 (Pharm. Journ. and 

 Trans. [3], ix. 450). 



10 Chem. Centralblatt, 610, 1839. Compare also Peretti, Journ. de Chim. 

 med. xxvi. 162. 



11 Annal. d. Chem. und Pharm. cxxv. 71, 1862. 



12 Jahresb. f. Pharm. 93, 1876 ; compare also 636, 1878 (Pharm. Journ. and 

 Trans. [3], 893, 1877). 



13 Annal. d. Chem. und Pharm. ccviii. 363, 1881 (Pharm. Journ. and Trans. 

 [3], xii. 280, 1881). 



14 Griming, loc. cit. 



15 Compare Schmiedeberg, Ber. d.d.chem. Ges. iv. 693, 1871, and Harnack, 

 loc. cit. (Pharm. Journ. and Trans. [2], xi. 365, 1869). 



16 For betaine see Scheibler, Ber. d. d. chem. Ges. ii. 292, 296, 1869 ; identity 

 with oxyneurine, ibid. iii. 155 ; with lycine see Husemann, Schweiz. 



