FAGACEAE 27 



kins or cone-like clusters often evident in winter; and minute 

 nutlets in a woody cone-like cluster. 



1. Leaves doubly serrate, or crenate and serrate. 2. 

 Leaves simply toothed, or lobed. 4. 



2. Leaves glaucous beneath. 3. 



Leaves green beneath. A. rugosa. 



3. Twigs pubescent. (Speckled alder). A. incana. 

 Twigs glabrate. A. tinctoria. 



4. Leaves obtuse. 5. 



Leaves pointed. A. japonica. 



5. Leaves dentate or lobed, sometimes acute-based. 6. 

 Leaves closely serrulate, very round-based. A. Mitchelliana. 



6. Leaves lobed. A. glutinosia laciniata. 

 Leaves merely dentate. 7. 



7. Leaves green. 8. 



Leaves yellow. A. glutinosa aurea. 



8. Leaves not red-veined. (European alder). A. glutinosa. 

 Leaves red-veined. A. glutinosa rubrinervia. 



Family FAGACEAE. Beech Family. 



A widespread family especially in temperate regions, con- 

 prising a fow genera but numerous! species; the source of such 

 "hard-woods" as beech and oak, the chestnuts of commerce, 

 and much used for single tree effects' and occasionally as street 

 trees. 



FAGUS. Beech. 



Finally large deciduous trees with normally smooth light 

 gray bark; brownish rather hard wood with minute diffused 

 ducts and fine medullary rays with frequent much heavier in- 

 tervening rays; terete moderately slender rather zig-zag twigs; 

 rather 3-sided homogeneous; pith; alternate 2-ranked some- 

 what raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 simple or com 

 pound bundle-traces; narrow stipule-scars nearly meeting 

 around the twig; fusiform pungent long and obliquely spread- 

 ing buds with many scales; rather low-toothed moderate 

 stalked leaves often clustered on spurs; small monoecious 



