PLANTING TREES AND SHRUBS 133 



Q. In which circumstance should drain pipes be used, and in 

 which should gravel or similar material only be made use of ? 



A. Drain pipes must be used where the soil is naturally very 

 clayey, and also where heavy traffic is common. Gravel, clinkers, 

 and broken bricks are used where the subsoil is naturally dry and 

 porous. 



Fig. 1 shows how to plan paths in a vegetable garden : A, 

 entrance ; B, path giving access to all borders ; c, a useful division 

 path. Fig. 2 shows how to form the path : A, the necessary soil 

 excavated ; B shows 'soil excavated from a path at right angles with 

 A ; c, vegetable borders. Fig. 3 shows at A the main drain ; B, con- 

 necting drains from side paths ; c, short drains conveying surface 

 water to underground pipes, from the catch pits fixed alternately at 

 the sides of the path on the surface. Fig. 4 shows how to mark the 

 turf on a lawn before removing'any to form a path. Fig. 5 shows at A the 

 first layer of broken bricks, clinkers, or similar material where pipes 

 are not necessary ; B, bottom of path not covered with the rough 

 material. Fig. 6 shows the sections and surfaces of the finished 

 paths : A, main drain ; B, surface with tiles at both sides ; c shows 

 the section and surface of finished path on a lawn. The roughest 

 material must always be placed in the bottom, and the finer on the 

 surface. 



Planting Trees and Shrubs 



No garden seems to be complete unless it contains a few nice 

 shrubs ; and the medium sized and larger garden must also contain 

 some beautiful trees. There are suitable kinds for growing in clumps, 

 belts, and as isolated specimens. There are suitable kinds for 

 planting to form screens chiefly, but I do not intend to deal with 

 such, but with those that are required to be ornamental in the garden, 

 to form a part of it, and to give to it a finished or furnished appear- 

 ance. The tiny garden looks all the better for the presence of the 

 single specimen shrub or tree. Include deciduous as well as evergreen 

 kinds, because there is greater beauty where the two are judiciously 

 arranged together. 



Q. Where an amateur is engaged in putting plants in a new 

 garden must he plant closely, or how ought he to proceed ? 



A. If he is about to put in shrubs and trees to form clumps and 

 also handsome specimens, he should enter his house, stand at the 

 windows, and direct another person, with stakes and white paper, to 



