GRASSHOPPERS IN GENERAL. 



41 



the upper part of the face. The clypeus and 

 upper lip (labrum) are drawn in full in fig- 

 ure 16. The powerful toothed mandibles are 



shown open and 

 closed (figs. 12,13). 

 The movements of 

 the mandibles 



FIG. 15. (Original.) In 

 ner view of maxilla. Lr, 

 lac in ia ; gl, galea ; p, 

 ius; m, membrane. 

 " about five times. 



1- 



FIG. 14. (Original.) Labium. 

 <7, gula ; 8, submentum ; M, menl 

 turn ; Pg, palpiger ; Lp, labia- 

 palpus. Ligula consists of the 

 two flaps below mentum. En- 

 larged seven and one-half times. 



are 



confined to the lat- 

 eral action from the 

 median line outward 

 and back again. 

 Just behind them are the smaller, more 

 strongly toothed maxillw, with appendages. 

 These are drawn and described in figure 15. 

 Between the maxillae, and rising from the 

 back wall of mouth, is the tongue-like 

 organ known as hypopharynx. The under 

 lip (labium) is shown as it appears from 

 the back of the head. Its subdivisions are 

 The large scle- 



A. 



B. 



FIG. 17. (Original.) Side view of 

 thorax. Enlarged three times. 



A , Mesothorax. 



a, parapteron. 



b, episternum. 



c, epimeron. 



d, wing. 



R, Metathorax. 

 b', episternum. 

 c', epimeron. 

 d', wing. 



given with figure ( fig. 14) 



rite composing the front part of the head, 



in which are situated compound eyes, sim- 

 ple eyes, and antennae, is known as the 



epicranium. The upper part is called 



the vertex, the anterior portion the front, 



and the sides, extending downward from 



the compound eyes, the cheeks or gence. 



The thorax con- 

 sists of three 

 divisions the 

 prothorax, bear- 

 ing the front 



pair of legs ; the mesothorax, bearing the 

 front wings and the middle pair of legs ; 

 the metathorax, bearing the hind wings 

 and last pair of legs. 



The prothorax is made most conspicu- 

 ous by the pronotum the large sun- 

 bonnet-shaped piece covering the back 

 extending out over the back of meso- 

 thorax and covering the greater portion of 

 the sides of the prothorax as well. The 

 subdivisions of the hood are given beneath 



FIG. 16^. (Original.) Side view 

 of prothorax with leg. a, prse- 

 scutum ; 6, scutum ; c, scutellum ; 

 d, post scutellum ; e, episternum ; 

 m, membrane, connecting head 

 with prothorax, containing the 

 jugular sclerites; /, coxa of leg; 

 0, trochanter; h, femur; ?, tibia; 

 j, tarsi; fr, pulvillus and two 

 claws. Enlarged three times. 



