GRASSHOPPERS IN GENERAL. 



sides, at points indicated in fig. 21. The 

 exact use of these will be more fully dis- 

 cussed later. 



Beginning with the ninth segment, the 

 abdomen is modified, and in the structures 

 which follow are to be found the charac- 

 teristics which distinguish the sexes. In 

 the female the four long, horny-tipped ovi- 

 positors are prominent. How such small 

 instruments can execute so much work, is 

 a matter not easily explained. Their uses 

 were discussed under "Life-History." A 

 better idea of these parts and relative forms 

 than can be given in words will be found in 

 fig. 21. The terminal part of the abdomen of the male ( figs. 22, 23 ) 

 shows, instead of extended ovipositors, a blunt, hood-shaped sclerite, 

 turning up over that end of the body like the prow of a barge. The 



FIG. 20. (Original.) Ventral 

 view of thorax. Pro. St., pro- 

 sternum ; Meso. st., mesoster- 

 num; Mela, st., metasternum. 

 Enlarged about three times. 



FIG. 21. (Original.) Side view of abdomen (female). 

 1, 2, .i, it, .5, 6', 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, segments ; Sp. spiracles ; and, 

 auditory organ; o, ovipositor; pp, podical plates; 

 c, cerci ; /, forked organ. Ealarged about three times. 



FIG. 22 (Original.) 

 Side view of male. 7, 

 8, 9, 10, 11, segments ; c, 

 cerci. Enlarged about 

 three times. 



cerci are more prominent than in the female. The abdomen of the 

 male, though consisting of the same number of segments, is generally 

 shorter than the abdomen of the female. 



INTERNAL ANATOMY. An idea of the internal workings of these 

 grasshoppers will be of value, and will throw some light upon its hab- 

 its and the effects of poisons upon it. This locust 

 agrees with higher forms of life in having a circu- 

 latory, respiratory, digestive, reproductive and ner- 

 vous system. It is believed that the subject can 

 be best explained under such heads, with reference 

 to figures illustrative of the same. 



Digestive system,. The digestive system begins FIG. 23. (Original.) 

 with the masticatory organs of the mouth, previ- ? P pIndSs f f C mat! 

 ously shown (figs. 12 to 16). The food is here meits*' l\ cere!!' En- 

 masticated and mingled with the saliva secreted by Ifig?' * bout three 



