Magistracy and Police 327 



the smaller towns have but one in each. In certain 

 cases the magistrate is required to act on the advice of 

 the Municipal Council and the Administrative Board. 



In the country there are three functionaries on whom 

 fall the duties of police and magistracy. The lowest of 

 these is the Lensmand, of whom there is one for each 

 rural township.. He is not a magistrate, but should 

 rather be described as a police officer. But he is a police 

 officer without subordinates ; to carry out the orders of 

 the executive he has the right to call upon the assist- 

 ance of every private citizen, as indeed have the police 

 in this country ; and this power in Norway is found 

 sufficient. The two superior officers, who are both 

 magistrates, are the Amt-men (Prefects), and their sub- 

 ordinates the Fogder (bailiffs), whose sphere of adminis- 

 tration are the Fogderier, as those of the Amt-men are the 

 Amter. The Lens-men are appointed by the Amt-men, 



The revenue of the communities is derived from 

 rates, both upon real property and upon income. But 

 a very large source of their receipts come from the 

 liquor traffic, concerning which Norway has adopted a 

 system almost peculiar to the Scandinavian countries. 

 The main lines of it are nearly identical with that 

 which, in this country, is familiar under the name of 

 the Gothenburg system. And the essential part of the 

 system is, that the manufacture and sale of spirituous 

 liquors is not left to local enterprise. It is made a 

 monopoly of the township. The public-houses or inns 

 have no licence for the sale of spirits, which, as a 

 rule, can be purchased only in bottles, and only in the 

 licensed shops of grocers and so forth. It has been 

 found that, in effect, these simple regulations have 



