GOOSANDER 153 



in Northern Europe (including Iceland), 1 also in Denmark, 

 North-east Germany, some of the Swiss lakes, Central 

 and Eastern Russia. Further east it may be traced to 

 Siberia and Central Asia as a breeding-species. 



In winter it visits the waters of Southern Europe, 

 Northern Africa, and Southern Asia. 



DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERS. 



PLUMAGE. Adult male nuptial. Head, crest, and upper 

 neck, rich glossy greenish-black; lower neck, breast, and 

 abdomen, white, suffused with a delicate salmon-pink ; upper 

 back and scapulars, black ; primaries, brown ; wing-coverts, 

 chiefly white ; lower back and tail, light brown. 



Adult male, post-nuptial or eclipse. Somewhat resembles 

 the adult female plumage, but distinguished by an in- 

 distinct black neck-ring, and by the darker back and whiter 

 wings. 



Adult female nuptial. Head, crest, and upper neck, 

 reddish-brown ; chin and lower neck, impure white ; breast 

 and abdomen, dull white shaded with grey on the flanks ; 

 back and scapulars, ash-grey ; primaries, brown. 



Adult winter, male and female. Similar to the respective 

 nuptial plumages. 



Immature, male and female. Resembles the female 

 plumage, but the breast and flanks are marked with brown, 

 and the crest is very short. 



BEAK. Bright red ; serrated and slightly hooked at the 

 extremity. 



FEET. Deep orange. 



IEIDES. Red. 



AVERAGE MEASUREMENTS. 



TOTAL LENGTH 26 in. Female smaller. 



WING 11 



BEAK 2'5 



TARSO-METATARSUS ... 1*9 ,, 



EGG 2-6 x 1'8 in. 



Allied Species and Representative Forms. The North 



1 Mr. Coburn, however, did not meet with it on his recent expedition 

 to North Iceland in 1899 ('Zoologist,' 1901, p. 413). 



