324 



chiefly white with a few yellow feathers interspersed (Plate 

 XXXIII. B.) I have another with glossy greenish-black 

 head-tufts and a black and white 'ruff' (Plate XXXIII. A). 

 In birds in which black predominates there is generally 

 more gloss about the plumage. As a rule the colour of 

 the ' frill ' is repeated on the feathers of the back, scapulars, 

 upper breast, central tail-feathers, inner secondaries, and 

 wing-coverts; the primaries, however, and outer tail- 

 feathers do not vary, being dull brown with white shafts ; 

 the secondaries are brownish with whitish edgings ; the 

 lower breast and under tail-coverts are usually whitish 

 (Plate XXXII. A). 



Adult female nuptial. The female does not assume 

 the ' frill.' The head and neck are greyish-brown speckled 

 with black; feathers of the back, scapulars, and wings, 

 blackish, margined with buff, except the outer secondaries 

 and primaries, which resemble those of the male ; tail, 

 greyish-brown, barred with chestnut and black ; front of 

 neck, breast, and flanks, black, the feathers being edged 

 with white ; abdomen and under tail-coverts, whitish (Plate 

 XXXII. B). 



Adult winter, male and female. Feathers of top of head, 

 hind-neck, back, scapulars, and wings, dark ash-grey with 

 paler margins ; primaries, dull brown ; lateral upper tail- 

 coverts, white ; central ones, greyish-brown ; tail, chiefly 

 greyish-brown, barred slightly near the end with darker 

 greyish-brown and white ; rest of head and throat, light 

 greyish-white ; front of neck and upper breast, ash-grey, 

 washed with brown markings ; lower breast, abdomen, and 

 under tail-coverts, whitish. 



Immature, male and female. The sexes are practically 

 similar in plumage (for minor details of difference in the 

 plumages of the sexes, vide ' Irish Naturalist, vol. ix, p. 189). 

 Top of head streaked with black and dark buff ; hind-neck, 

 mouse-colour ; feathers of back, scapulars, and wings, 

 blackish, edged with buff ; primaries, brownish ; throat, 

 front and sides of neck, and breast, dull buff ; abdomen and 

 under tail-coverts, white ; tail, chiefly greyish-brown, edged 

 with brownish-black and buff ; chin, whitish. 



BEAK. Blackish. 



FEET. Dull orange. 



IRIDES. Blackish-brown. 



