XVI ANALYTICAL CONTENTS 



appeal to economics and to (hedonistic) psychology It is indi- 

 vidual freedom An appeal to rights, and to (human) history, 

 emerging from militarism For which Spencer feels an exag- 

 gerated dread Spencer masses facts rather than unifies know- 

 ledge The "social organism" is only a phrase with him 



CHAPTER X 

 MR. LESLIE STEPHEN'S SCIENCE OF ETHICS 



Stephen a utilitarian Who came to believe in evolution as a scien- 

 tific fact Begins here with facts; ethical judgments exist 

 Organisms seek maximum efficiency If social " tissue " is " or- 

 ganic " Then ethical laws may be the conditions of maximum 

 social efficiency (Nature cares for individuals) Nature says, 

 "Be strong! " Ethics says, "Society, be strong! " The ethical 

 is the typical society, and therefore ethical judgments are binding 

 But the type is actual, not ideal ! Society is a complex whole, 

 changing while its parts are unchanged Criticism Sanction 

 for individual goodness lies in sympathy merely Sometimes we 

 are too good for our own interests ! Compared with Comte, lacks 

 authority With Spencer; calls "health " the ideal, and ridicules 

 "balance" With Darwin; not struggle of individual with indi- 

 vidual, but of individual with society With Utilitarianism; dis- 

 courages the calculation of consequences Most of his positions 

 may be accepted in a deeper sense 



PART III 

 DARWINISM, OR STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE 



CHAPTER XI 



"DARWINISM IN MORALS" MISS COBBE'S PROTEST 



Darwinism may be applied to morals by analogy Or, as here, by 

 explaining man's evolutionary origin Miss Cobbe attacks Dar- 

 win's explanation of the rise of morals out of intelligence plus 

 sympathy And the hypothetical palliation of murder Little 

 trace of natural selection in Darwin's ethical statement Darwin's 

 analysis may be accepted, not his view of reason 



