CHAP, xvi REITERATION OF DARWINISM 171 



region after another. He conducts a valuable ex- 

 periment in seeking to use this one conception as 

 a key to all the mysteries of progress. Mr. Suther- 

 land modestly tells us that he has done little more 

 than expand Darwin's chapter in the Descent of 

 Man. Yet Darwin was concerned with morals only 

 in an incidental fashion. Morality furnished a pos- 

 sible objection to the opinion that man is descended 

 from brute races. Darwin rebutted the objection 

 by showing the affinities between human morality 

 and animal sociality. He did not trace out in de- 

 tail the derivation of the one from the other by the 

 working of natural selection ; and this Mr. Suther- 

 land does, or seeks to do. The appeal is steadily 

 made to natural selection, and natural selection 

 alone. Use-inheritance is "a matter under discus- 

 sion, and on the whole improbable." l Reason is 

 in no sense conceived as modifying the workings 

 of selection which we see in nature. 



A second feature of special interest in Mr. Suther- 

 land's book is his ingenious restatement of views very 

 like Henry Drummond's in the Ascent of Man, and 

 his restatement of them as the legitimate outcome of 

 the Darwinian tradition. 2 To at least one reader Mr. 

 Sutherland's account of the animal anticipations of 

 morality has made the point of view intelligible and 

 impressive as it never was before. One cannot doubt 

 that there is a rehearsal of the whole drama of morals 

 in races lower than man. And one learns from Mr. 

 Sutherland how sympathy, which he treats as the 



1 ii. p. 89. 



2 Yet this is rather a transformed Darwinism. It gives a more 

 moral view of the animal world (not of the human !). 



