CHAP, xx SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 285 



Yet all is not done when we recognise the impor- 

 tance of reason and will. We are not at the end 

 of social philosophy. We are only at the begin- 

 ning of a better start. It was intolerable extrava- 

 gance when Mr. Sutherland tried to make away 

 with the existence or distinctive character of mind, 

 though he only blurted out what many had been 

 whispering behind their hands. And yet man has a 

 body as well as a mind ; he has not ceased to be an 

 animal, because he has become a spirit. He is still 

 an organism. Probably old-fashioned ethics and 

 libertarian philosophy made matters too easy for 

 themselves by ignoring everything except the pres- 

 ence of reason and of free well. We must keep both 

 sides in view. May we advance a step farther? 

 May we say that the two sides are not to be contem- 

 plated as two heterogeneous things soul and body 

 linked together like an ox and an ass yoked in the 

 same team but as naturally and necessarily related, 

 or perhaps as in some deep sense identical ? This 

 is a programme hard to comprehend and hard to 

 follow, but it has formed part of the noble endeav- 

 ours of idealism. Idealism tells us that " such a 

 being as man is, in such a world as the present," 

 would not be more spiritual without his body. He is 

 spiritual just because he is a human being human 

 body and human soul. Idealism holds that the 

 animal functions, recognised in the life of man as 

 " hunger and love;' are no more anti-spiritual than 

 spiritual, but rather the raw material of spirituality, 

 of moral goodness, of character; life being the 

 discipline and the ripening of character. It tells us 

 that reason is the fulfilment (as well as the transfer- 



