298 FROM NORTH POLE TO EQUATOR. 



Their voice is as highly developed as their power of movement. 

 Theirs is no chirping or whistling, no whining or howling; on the 

 contrary, they utter many different sounds expressing the mood of 

 the moment, and quite intelligible even to us. Comfort or dis- 

 comfort, desire or satisfaction, good-will or ill-will, love or hate, 

 indifference or anger, joy or pain, confidence or mistrust, attraction 

 or repugnance, affection or dislike, submissiveness or defiance, but 

 above all any sudden emotion, such as fear or horror, find adequate 

 expression, comparatively limited though the voice may be. 70 



What we may call their mental endowments correspond to their 

 physical powers. It may be well to emphasize that the hand, 

 which among them first attains to full development, gives them a 

 considerable advantage over other animals, and makes some of their 

 actions appear more remarkable than they really are; for instance, 

 it renders them capable of many skilful devices which would be 

 impossible to a dog and to any of those animals which we are wont 

 to reckon among the cleverest of mammals. A high degree of 

 deliberateness must be conceded to them. Their excellent memory 

 treasures up the most various impressions, and their discriminating 

 intelligence makes these a store of experiences, which are turned to 

 good account as opportunity offers. Thus they act with full con- 

 sciousness of what they are doing, according to circumstances, and 

 not as impotent slaves of a power outside themselves, but with 

 independence, freedom, and variety, cunningly seizing every advan- 

 tage, and making use of every expedient which they believe will 

 further their end. They distinguish between cause and effect, and 

 attempt to achieve or nullify the latter by applying or removing 

 the former. They not only recognize what benefits or injures them, 

 but they know whether they do right or wrong, judging either from 

 the standard of some loved one, or that of some master. 71 It is not 

 blind chance, but a recognition of what is profitable that regulates 

 and guides their actions, makes them submit to the judgment of 

 the most capable, moves them to live and act together, teaches them 

 to form communities for the weal or woe of the individual, to share 

 joy and sorrow, good fortune and misfortune, safety and danger, 

 plenty and scarcity, in other words, to form an alliance based on 



