APES AND MONKEYS. 303 



dangerous beasts. I learned later that this was the monkeys' battle- 

 cry: it was intended obviously to intimidate us and the dogs, pos- 

 sibly also to encourage the brave old giant, who was running into 

 such evident danger before their eyes. 72 



A few days later I learned by experience that these self-reliant 

 animals are a match even for men. On our return from the Bogosland, 

 we fell in with a large herd, possibly the same one, and we opened 

 fire upon them from the valley with seven double rifles. Our shots 

 had an indescribable effect. The same battle-cry which I had heard 

 before rang out again, and, as if at the command of a general, they 

 prepared for resistance. While the screaming females with the 

 young ones fled in all haste over the crest of the rock beyond range 

 of our guns, the adult males, casting furious glances, beating the 

 ground with their hands, and barking rather than roaring, sprang 

 upon projecting stones and ledges, looked down on the valley for a 

 few moments, continually growling, snarling, or screaming, and then 

 began to roll stones down upon us with so much vigour and adroit- 

 ness that we immediately saw that our lives were in danger and 

 took to flight. If it had not been possible for us to clamber up the 

 opposite wall of the narrow valley, and so to escape the monkeys' 

 fire, we should have been utterly routed. The clever animals not 

 only conducted their defence on i. definite plan, but they acted in 

 co-operation, striving for a common end, and exerting all their 

 united strength to attain it. One of our number saw one monkey 

 drag his stone up a tree that he might hurl it down with more 

 effect; I myself saw two combining their strength to set a heavy 

 stone a-rolling. 



No animals but the higher apes adopt such means of defence, 

 and no other male animal runs into danger to rescue a helpless 

 young one of his species. Such traits must not be ignored, and can- 

 not be misinterpreted, for they speak for themselves better and more 

 loudly than all the sophistical analysis which refuses to admit that 

 animals have intelligence and the power of spontaneous action. 



That the dog-like monkeys recognize and distinguish between 

 cause and effect can be certified by every unprejudiced observer. 

 They open doors and windows, drawers, cupboards, and boxes, untie 



