NOTES. 583 



ative Psychology (Lond. 1894). According to the last-named authority 

 the moral sense " involves a thinking of the ought ; it involves a more or 

 less definite perception of the relation of a given act to an ideal standard". 

 " In none of these cases (cited), is there sufficient evidence to justify a 

 belief that a standard of conduct takes form in the animal mind." 



Note 72, p. 303. Mutual Aid among Monkeys. 



Mr. Darwin quotes this case in his Descent of Man, and calls the 

 monkey "a true hero". Similar examples of mutual aid will be found 

 in the same work, as also in a couple of articles by Prince Kropotkine, 

 " Mutual Aid among Animals ", Nineteenth Century, 1889. 



Note 73, p. 316.E/ect of age. 



There are some who hold that observation favours the opposite view, 

 -that the young ape is relatively more human and less simian than the 

 adult. With these, rather than with Brehm, we agree. There is, how- 

 ever, need of more precise physiological and psychological observation. 



Note 74, p. 318. Man's Place in Nature. 



It should be noted that the zoologist's usual statement of his position is 

 that he believes that men and the higher apes have arisen from a common 

 stock. See Huxley's Man's Place in Nature. As the anthropoid apes 

 are believed to have diverged as distinct types in Miocene times, the com- 

 mon stock is plainly in the almost inconceivably distant past. A belief in 

 descent from a common stock does not in the least affect the demonstrable 

 distinctiveness of man, nor does it explain how the evolution, whose results 

 we are, took place. See Darwin's Descent of Man, and Drummond's 

 Ascent of Man. 



DESEET JOUENEYS. 



Note 75, p. 330. Nodules in the Desert. 



These seem to be the now well-known manganese nodules. The puzzling 

 question of their origin is discussed by Dr. John Murray in that part of 

 the Challenger Eeports which deals with marine deposits. Solymos thus 

 describes them, " Belted by higher hills, I have mounted one, apparently 

 consisting entirely of a lofty pile of hardened equal sandstone balls, the 

 size of peaches. They were as nearly globular as anything in nature a 

 bubble, a drop, a planet." 



NUBIA AND THE NILE EAPIDS. 



For some interesting geological and zoological observations see A . Leith 

 Adams, Notes of a Naturalist in the Nile Valley and Malta (1870). J. H. 

 Speke, Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile (1864). 



Note 76, p. 358. On the Nile and its Cataracts. 



See Sir Samuel Baker's The Nile and its Tributaries (1867), and Walter 

 Budge, The Nile: Notes for Travellers in Egypt (1890). 



