NOTES. 585 



whence the larvae emerge. The reindeer have a great horror of these 

 insects, and are said to become weak and emaciated in their efforts to avoid 

 them. The disease due to the parasitic insects is sometimes referred to as 

 " germ ", and may destroy most of a herd. 



Note 84, p. 438. Brick Tea. 

 See Note 36. 



Note 85, p. 444. Shamans. 



Some interesting details as to these in Hofgaard's NordenskwlcPs 

 Voyage. He speaks of the preparatory asceticism : " solitude, watching, 

 fasting, exciting and narcotic remedies work upon his imagination; he 

 soon sees the spirits and the apparitions he heard about in his youth, and 

 believes firmly in them ". . . " He is no cool, calculating deceiver, no 

 common conjuror." " Sometimes they have been thrashed in order that 

 they might change a particular prophecy, but "Wrangel relates a case in 

 1814, when their orders to kill a beloved chief, in order to stay a plague, 

 were at length obeyed. Though Christianity has been introduced for 

 more than a century, the Shamans have still (1882) much power." 



A scholarly account of the Shamans, which includes much interesting 

 material in regard to the customs which Brehm describes in this chapter, 

 will be found in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxiv., August 

 and September, 1894. "Shamanism in Siberia and European Russia", 

 being the second part of " Shamantsvo," by Professor V. M. Mikhailovskii, 

 translated by O. Wardrop. 



NOMAD HEEDSMEN AND HERDS OF THE STEPPES. 



See F. Burnaby's Ride to Khiva (1876); H. Lansdell's Through Siberia 

 (1882), and Russian Central Asia (1885); A. de Levchine, Description des 

 Hordes et des Steppes des Kirghiz-Kazaks (Paris, 1840); Zaleskie, La vie des 

 Steppes Kirghizes (Paris, 1865). 



COLONISTS AND EXILES IN SIBERIA. 



Note 86, p. 514. Geology of the Altai. 



" In the Altai the mountains are built up of granites, syenites, and 

 diorites covered with metamorphic slates belonging to the Laurentian, 

 Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous periods. The Jurassic strata on 

 the outskirts are all fresh-water deposits, and contain coal." 



"The Altai Mines (12,000 men) yielded in 1881, 16,670 Ibs. of silver, 

 13,140 cwts. lead, 6708 cwts. copper, 3200 cwts. iron, 240,000 cwts. coal, 

 and 320,000 cwts. salt." 



