CHAPTEE VI. 



PROPAGATION BY BUDDING AND GRAFTING, BY 

 LAYERS AND BY CUTTINGS. 



WHEN trees are raised from seeds, as already ex- 

 plained, there is no certainty that the same identi- 

 cal variety will be produced. In many cases, the 

 shade of variation will scarcely be perceptible ; in 

 others it will be wide and distinct. It hence be- 

 comes desirable to adopt some other mode of pro- 

 pagation, for the purpose of multiplying varieties 

 of peculiar excellence which already exist, instead 

 of creating new ones. This is effected usually in 

 four ways; 1, by Cuttings; 2, by Layers; 3, by 

 Grafting ; 4, by Budding. 



I. CUTTINGS. 



This is the simplest mode of multiplying a vari- 

 ety. It consists merely in cutting off a branch or 

 shoot from the tree, and inserting it into the soil, 

 leaving the upper end above the surface. The 

 moisture of the soil supplies the sap. The buds 

 swell, the leaves spread, and the elaborated juice 

 for the formation of new wood passes down- 

 ward in the inner bark, as in other cases of 



