THE APPLE. 57 



bulk becomes a thick syrup, which will keep in- 

 definitely, and is useful for flavoring and moisten- 

 ing mince pies, for sauces, and various cooking 

 purposes. 



Dwarf Apple trees are obtained by grafting 

 upon the Paradise and the Doucain stock. The 

 former is the most dwarfed, being little more 

 than a bush, and throwing the tree into fruit in 

 two or three years from the graft. The Doucain 

 is intermediate, and will produce small trees 

 which will last many years. It is well adapted 

 for garden culture, giving the advantage of early 

 fruitfulness, an increase in the number of small 

 trees, and consequently in the number of varie- 

 ties, when this is desired. But it is obvious that 

 strong growing roots will sustain large tops and 

 yield the best results, in extensive culture. Para- 

 dise Dwarfs may be planted eight feet apart, Dou- 

 cain ten feet apart. Constant watchfulness will 

 be required in the culture of dwarfs to give an- 

 nual supplies of food, to preserve the form by 

 pruning, and also to prevent rooting above the 

 dwarf stock and thus destroying its character. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 



The Codling Moth, or apple worm {Carpo 

 capsa pomonelld). This insect was imported 

 from Europe early in the present century, and 



