THE URINARY ORGANS 217 



Relations of the Left Kidney. 



In front. Behind. 



Fundus of stomach. As on right, except that left 



Fostero-internal surface of kidney, lying rather higher, 

 spleen. lies over nth rib. 



Tail of pancreas. 



Descending colon. 



(Of which last two are non- 

 peritoneal.) 9 



Above each kidney is the supra-renal body. 



Below each kidney is the iliac crest. 



The external border is convex, and is directed outwards and 

 backwards. 



The internal border is concave, directed well forwards, and 

 at the centre is the fissure or hilum, where the vessels enter 

 and the ureter leaves, lying from before backwards as follows : 

 renal vein, renal artery, ureter. 



Each kidney is connected with the bladder by a ureter, 

 which serves to convey urine to the latter viscus ; the top 

 of each ureter is expanded, and forms the pelvis of the kidney, 

 which is divided into three parts called infundibnla, which 

 are subdivided into about 12 calyces. Into these calyces small 

 papilla project, which are the apices of the pyramids of 

 Malpighi. These latter form the medullary substance of 

 the kidney, and are imbedded in the cortical substance, which 

 encloses them completely except at the papillae. 



SUPRA-RENAL CAPSULES. 



These are ductless glands, resembling in shape a cocked 

 hat, and which embrace the upper extremity of each kidney. 

 The right usually has no peritoneum in front, but the left is 

 covered in front by peritoneum, except where the pancreas 

 crosses it. 



Relations : 



A nteriorly Right. Liver, inferior vena cava, and duodenum. 

 Left. Stomach and lesser sac of peritoneum, pancreas and 

 spleen. 



Posteriorly. Diaphragm. 



Below. Top of kidney. 



THE URETERS. 



The ureters connect the kidneys with the bladder, forming 

 the excretory ducts of the former, 12 to 14 inches long. 



