110 POPULAR FRUIT GROWING. 



may be injured in piles in the orchard. The scald shows as 

 large brownish o r black blotches on the fruit. Some varieties 

 are much subject to it while others are quite exempt. The 

 subject is not well understood, but varieties liable to this 

 trouble should be stored where they will have free circulation 

 of air. 



Spraying Injuries. In spraying plants it is not uncommon 

 to cause them some little injury. This often shows in the rus- 

 setted appearance of the fruit or foliage. It may be due to 

 the use of chemicals of unknown purity or to the unusual sus- 

 ceptibility of the plant. Carelessness in making Bordeaux mix- 

 ture is often the cause of spraying injury. These injuries may 

 sometimes be so serious that they kill the foliage. As a rule, 

 however, the earliest spraying on the young leaves does not 

 seem to cause injury so frequently as later sprayings. 



Frost Injuries. Apples and pears are sometimes slightly 

 injured by frost soon after the flowers open, and in such cases 

 there will often be a russeted ring around the fruit or on one 

 side. 



Sunscald. This is a name given to a condition of trees 

 when the bark becomes dead on the southern or southwest side 

 of trees. It is a very serious cause of loss of trees in some 

 sections and in such places all trees should be protected against 

 it. For description of this trouble see chapter on Protection. 

 Diseases of the Pear. 



The pear is injured by about the same diseases as the ap- 

 ple. It is especially subject to fire blight, scab and rust, which 

 are more fully mentioned under apple. It is also injured by 

 leaf blight (see Quince) and leaf spot, for which Bordeaux mix- 

 ture is the best remedy. 



Diseases of the Quince. 



The quince is subject to Brown Rot, Leaf Spot, Rusts, Scab, 

 Fire Blight, and it is also subject to the following: 



Leaf Blight (Entomosporium maculatum). This trouble af- 

 fects the leaves and in bad cases may entirely defoliate the 

 plants. On the fruit, the fungus produces black areas. On 

 pears, it may cause the fruit to turn black in places, grow one- 

 sided and crack open, 



