156 POPULAR FRUIT GROWING. 



instead of using sash, the soil over the cuttings is covered with 

 a foot or more of fermenting manure. In either case the soil 

 is warmed and the formation of roots encouraged. In using the 

 solar pit the rooting process should not be carried so far as 

 to permit the roots to show plainly, as they are then liable 

 to be broken off in planting, but the cuttings should be planted 

 out as soon as they show signs of healing over on the butt 

 end. This healing over process is called callousing, and in 

 many plants necessarily precedes the formation of roots. 



Graftage. 



Graftage includes what is commonly called budding and 

 grafting. Working is another term that includes the same. 

 Most trees that graft easily will bud readily. 



Limits of Graftage. It is common to hear surprising stories 

 about graftage. Quite recently a prominent grape grower 

 referred to his efforts to graft the red currant on the red 

 maple tree. Even Pliny says "Some apples are so red that 

 they resemble blood, which is caused by their being grafted 

 on a mulberry stock." But budding or grafting are never suc- 

 cessful unless the cion and stock are nearly allied, and the 

 closer the relationship between them, the more certain the suc- 

 cess. Lindley says: "Varieties of the same species unite most 

 freely; then species of the same genus; then genera of the 

 same natural order, beyond which the power does not extend. 

 For instance, pears work freely on pears, very well on quinces 

 and mountain ash; less successfully on apples or thorns, and 

 not at all upon plums or cherries; while the lilac will take on 

 the ash, because of the near relationship between the two." 

 But there are many exceptions to any rule that could be laid 

 down concerning this matter. Some plants are increased most 

 readily by budding, while others graft more easily than they 

 are budded. The stone fruits are very easily budded and graft- 

 ing them is often a much more uncertain process. 



(b) Stock is the name applied to the part grafted on, be 

 it large or small. The stock may consist of a cutting, a rooted 

 layer, a tree or a seedling root and it may be worked when 

 either dormant or growing. 



(c) Cion is the name of the part inserted. It may con- 



