APPLE. 179 



hard, bitter, keeps through the winter; resembles quince in 

 quality and used like the quince for making an excellent jelly. 



There are but few varieties of this in cultivation, among 

 them are the Soulard and the Fluke. It does not readily cross 

 with the cultivated apple. 



Groups of Apples: 



Among cultivated varieties of apples we often find several 

 that closely resemble one another in fruit, foliage and habit. 

 Some of these groups are as follows: 



(a) The Fameuse group includes Fameuse, Shiawassee 

 Beauty, Mclntosh and St. Lawrence. 



(b) The Duchess of Oldenburg group includes Duchess, 

 Borovinka, Gilbert and Charlamoff. 



(c) The Ben Davis group includes Ben Davis, Gano, Shock- 

 ley and Black Ben Davis. 



Other groups will suggest themselves to those acquainted 

 with many varieties of apples. 



For describing apples a certain convenient nomenclature has 

 been adopted. It frequently happens that the color, shape and 

 quality of fruits are changed by soil and location. The character- 

 istic appearance of the wood and foliage, however, is less liable 

 to change; in the identification of fruits it is often necessary to 

 take them into account as well as the fruit, and a good descrip- 

 tion should include the tree as well as the fruit. These terms, as 

 applied to the growth of a tree, are "strong and vigorous," as 

 the Duchess of Oldenburg; "vigorous and slender," as Anisim; 

 "stout and short jointed," as the Yellow Transparent. 



For the general form of the tree the term "upright spread- 

 ing" would indicate the Duchess; "spreading" the Roxbury Rus- 

 sett; "upright" the Whitney; "round headed" the Red Astrachan. 



In describing the fruit the word "base" means the part of 

 the apple at the stem end; "apex," the portion at the blossom 

 end; "cavity" is the depression around the stem; "basin," the 

 depression around the flower end; "calyx," the so-called flower 

 in the apex of the apple. The general form is referred to as be- 

 ing "round," "oblate," "conical," and "oblong," which terms are 

 illustrated in fig. 87. As regards size, apples, when under two 

 and a half inches in diameter, are said to be small; when from 



