ITALIAN VINEYARDS 



241 



leaves come out, as they do before the vine-leaves, they 

 almost give an impression that the whole tree is a vine, 

 a great big one, growing up free of support, but having 



at its side baby 

 espalier vines. 



Near Empoli, 

 we notice vines 

 grown more as 

 standards. They 

 are still planted 

 against a tree as 

 "Tuteur," such 

 as a chestnut or 

 FIG. 126. apple-tree. This 



supporting tree is 



usually pollarded. Several vines, however, are planted 

 round it. The roots of this group of vines are in many 

 instances planted some distance away from the stem of 

 the tree (Fig. 127). Another delightful way of training 

 them is to plant them 

 as shown, against a 

 "tuteur" which is pol- 

 larded, and then to 

 carry the vine-canes in 

 wreaths from tree to 

 tree in one or two fes- 

 toons, or in an arrange- 

 ment of vine-garlands, 

 when the side-shoots are 

 fastened to sticks and 

 pegged to the ground. 



How effective, too, would be something like this to 

 have apple-trees, or, if you prefer it, purely ornamental 

 trees like thorns or willows, planted some twenty feet 

 apart, and between these upon a line of stakes, as shown 



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