ORGANIC EVOLUTION 221 



Plants 



I. Thallophytes, algae and fungi. 

 II. Bryophytes, liverworts and mosses 



1. Hepaticas, liverworts 



2. Musci, mosses. 



III. Pteridophytes, the ferns and their allies 



1. Filicinae, the true ferns and the water-ferns 



(Marsilia, etc). 



2. Equisetinae, the horse-tails 



3 . Lycopodinae, the club mosses, etc. 



IV. Spermatophytes, The seed plants 



1. Gymnospermae, plants with naked seed ; conifers 



etc. 



2. Angiospermae, plants with seeds developing in 



closed vessels 



a) Monocotyledons 



b) Dicotyledons. 

 Animals 



I. Protozoa, one-celled animals. 

 II. Metazoa, many celled animals. 



1. Porifera, sponges 



2. Coelenterata, polyps, jelly-fishes, etc. . 



3. Vermes (in broad sense) segmented and 



unsegmented worms, rotifers, bryozoans, etc. 



4. Mollusca, clams, snails, squids, etc. 



5. Echinodermata, star-fishes, sea-urchins, 



holothurians, etc. 



6. Arthropoda, insects, spiders, crustaceans, etc. 



7. Tunicata , tunicates 



8. Vertebrata, backboned animals. 



a) Pisces, fishes 



b) Amphibia, frogs, salamanders, etc. 



c) Reptilia , lizards , snakes , turtles , etc. 



d) Aves, birds 



e) Mammalia, mammals. 



