THE LIFE CYCLE 



337 



Study 40. Observations on asexual reproductive methods. 



Materials for this study are almost limitless in number 

 and variety, and those mentioned below are suggested 

 merely as types. 



Study and compare together a few 

 special reproductive bodies, such as the 

 "gemmules" of the common greenhouse 

 liverwort, Marchantia, the frond bulbs of 

 the bladder fern (Cystopteris bulbifera), the 

 "bulbils" of the tiger lily, the "sets" of the 

 onion, the tubers of the potato, etc., etc. 



Study the swarm spores of Drapernaldia 

 (fig. 1 87), or of Cladophora (in which they 

 are produced in great numbers in single 

 terminal cells), or of any of the water 

 molds. 



Study and compare together the stato- 

 blasts of such forms as Plumatella and 

 Pectinatella among bryozoans and of 

 Spongilla and Heteromyenia among fresh 

 water sponges; prepared slides will prob- 

 ably be needed for this. If some sponge 



FIG. 190. Poly- 



embryonym statoblasts can be germinated under obser- 



Polygnotus . . .,, , ... 



(after Marchai). vation, their multicellular nature will be 



a, the egg; b, 



the same after apparent, 

 repeated divi- 

 sions of its nu 



cleus; c, the . ... , , . 



same after the in notes On and lists of the Objects ex- 

 development of . 1 , 



se pa rate em- amined , together with sketches of some 



bryos from each 

 of the parts (de- 

 tails indicated , r _ 1 . , 1 1 r 



Polyembryony. This is another kind of 



The record of this study may consist 



of them. 



diagramm a t i - 



cally in but two, , 1 i r .1 



and these at dif- asexual method of increase, that is even 



ferent stages of . . 1 j r ,1 



progress). more different m kind from the two 



preceding than they are from each other. In certain 

 parasitic insects of the order Hymenoptera, the eggs 



