90 



OKGANOGRAPHY AND GLOSSOLOGY. 



three whorls of three sepals, two whorls of three petals, and two whorls of three 

 stamens. The Poppy (fig. 470) has two whorls of two petals, and many whorls, each 



470. Toppy. 

 Diagram. 



471. Columbine. 

 Diagram. 



472. Fumitory. 

 Diagram. 



473. Geranium. 



Flower (map:.), without 



calyx am 1 corolla. 



composed of two stamens. The Columbine (fig. 471) has ten whorls of five stamens 

 und two whorls of five scales. The Fumitory (fig. 472) has two whorls of two petals, 

 and two whorls of two stamens, of which the outer are normal two-celled stamens, 

 and the inner stamens are divided into four, each one-celled (equal to two complete 

 stamens). Ly thrum has two whorls of six sepals, coherent and adherent. Datura 

 fastuosa has two or three monopetalous corollas, one inside the other. 



Deduplication or chorisis occurs when two or more organs take the place of one. 

 This affects not only numerical symmetry, but symmetry of position; in which respect 

 it differs from multiplication, when the whorls preserve their relative positions. De- 

 duplication is parallel, when the organ is doubled from without inwards, and when 

 the supernumerary piece is opposite to that from which it proceeds; it is collateral, 

 when the supernumerary piece occurs by the side of the organ from which it proceeds, 

 maintaining the same relative position on the receptacle ; a parallel deduplication 

 may double or treble the whorl, a collateral deduplication can only increase the number 

 of parts in that whorl, which still continues simple. In the case of parallel dedu- 

 plication, the supernumerary pieces are usually altered, and rather resemble those 

 of the whorl which normally succeeds them, than those of the whorl to which they 

 belong. In Lychnis (figs. 239, 240) and other Caryophyllece, the petals give off* a 

 fringed petaloid layer, which coheres with the claw, and is free only where the claw 

 meets the limb ; in Sedum (fig. 476) the five petals produce a whorl of five stamens 

 shorter than the five which alternate with them, and the normal and supernumerary 

 andrcecia are so close that their bases cohere. In Geranium (fig. 473), the five 

 petals produce by deduplication five stamens shorter than and outside the others, 

 but the five larger bear at their outer bases five nectaries, which re-establish the 

 alternation disturbed by the five supernumerary stamens (fig. 474) ; in Erodium 

 (fig. 475) the same arrangement exists, except that the extra stamens have no 

 anthers ; in Sedum (fig. 476) the stamens opposite to the petals are a deduplication 

 of the latter; in Flax (fig. 477), the supernumerary stamens are reduced to 

 sessile membranous teeth ; in Mignonette (fig. 478), the petals with a fringed top 



