94 



OEGANOGEAPHY AND GLOSSOLOGY. 



of Euphorbia (fig. 333) consists of one whorl, reduced to one stamen ; and the female 

 flower (fig. 406) of one whorl of three carpels ; the flowers of Arum (figs. 196, 197, 

 198) consist of a solitary stamen or carpel. Seeds, like the floral whorls, are subject 

 to suppression and arrest ; in Geranium (fig. 474) the five carpels are two-ovuled, 

 and but single-seeded ; the Oak (fig. 400) has three carpels forming three two-ovuled 

 cells ; the septa become speedily absorbed through the rapid growth of one of the 

 ovules, and the ripe fruit is one-celled and one-seeded. The Horse-chestnut presents 

 a similar arrest. In the Cornflower and other Composites, in Wheat 

 and other Gramineae, the ovule is solitary from the first ; at least, 

 a second has never been discovered ; thus offering a case of suppres- 

 sion and not arrest. 



The causes which disguise or disturb symmetry in any one 

 flower are not always isolated. In Larkspur we have unequal develop- 

 ment and symphysis in the calyx and corolla, multiplication in- the 

 andrcecium, and suppression in the pistil ; in Asclepias (fig. 496) 

 symphysis in all its whorls, multiplication in its corolla, dedu- 

 496. Asck-pias. plication in the second whorl of the corolla, and suppression in the 

 pistil. Mignonette is an example of unequal development in its calyx, 

 corolla and andro3cium ; of symphysis in its pistil, of parallel deduplication in its 

 corolla, of collateral dednplication in its andrcecium, and of suppression in its pistil. 



THE FRUIT. 



The fruit (fnictus) is the fertilized and ripe" pistil, that is, a pistil enclosing 

 seeds capable of reproducing the plant. It may be accompanied by accessory 

 organs, which are considered as forming an integral part of it, and to which we shall 

 return. 



The fruit is apocarpous 1, when its carpels are separate from each other 

 (Columbine, fig. 497; Ranunculus, fig. 524; Bramble, fig. 521 ; Rose, fig. 525), when each 

 carpel is considered to be a fruit ; 2, when the pistil is formed of a single 

 carpel (Pea, Bladder Senna, fig. 498 ; Apricot, fig. 499 ; Wheat). It is syncar- 

 pous, when its carpels are consolidated into a single body (Tulip, fig. 389 ; 

 Iris, Campanula, fig. 390 ; Poppy, fig. 388 ; Heartsease, fig. 500). 



4!i". Columbine. 

 Fruit. 



498. Bladder Senna. Fruit. 



499. Apricot. Oj>en flower. 



500. Heartsease. 

 Ilipe pistil. 



According as each free carpel, or each cell of a syncarpous fruit, or each 



