98 



ORGANOGRAPHY AND GLOSSOLOGY. 



which leave the placentas in their places (Wallflower, fig. 547; Clielidonium, fig. 

 54G). 



In some syncarpous fruits, the dehiscence is by valvules or teeth, variously 

 placed, which, by diverging or ascending, form openings for the 

 seeds to escape (Primrose, Lychnis, fig. 542; Snapdragon, fig. 545; 

 Harebell, fig. 544; Poppy, fig. 543). Dehiscence is transverse ('/. 

 transversals) when a compound ovary is halved transversely (Pim- 

 pernel, fig. 537 ; Henbane, fig. 539 ; Purslane, fig. 538 ; Plantain) ; 

 as also when apocarpous fruits break up transversely into one- 

 seeded segments (Coronilla, Sainfoin, fig. 518). Dehiscence is irre- 

 gular (d. ruptilis) in fruits with resisting septa and dorsal sutures, 

 but uniformly thin walls ; thus, the pericarp of some Linarias (fig. 510) splits into 

 longitudinal ribbons; the fruit of Momordica, Wild Oucumber, &c., rupture thus 

 elastically. 



Classification of Fruits. Many authors have attempted this ; but their efforts, 

 though resulting in many valuable scientific observations, have sometimes given rise 

 to a very obscure botanical terminology. Linnaeus admitted five sorts of fruit; 

 Gaertner, thirteen ; Mirbel, twenty-one ; Desvaux, forty-five ; Richard, twenty-four ; 

 Dumortier, thirty-three ; Liudley, thirty-six. The following classification, adapted 

 from these several authors, appears to us the simplest and easiest of application ; it 

 includes most of the modifications of form observable in the fruits of phsenogamous 

 plants. 



Apocarpous Fruits. 1. The follicle (folliculua) is dry, dehiscent, many-seeded, 



S 



617. Lucerne. 

 Fruit. 



616. Pea. Fmtt. 



and opens by its ventral suture (CaWta, fig. 511 ; Larkspur, fig. 512 ; Peony, fig. 513), 

 or very rarely by the dorsal only (Magnolia). Follicles are rarely solitary, but almost 



