THE FKUIT. 



99 



nlways form a whorl (Columbine, fig. 497; Peony, fig. 513; Caltha, fig. 511), or head 

 (Trollius, fig. 515). 2. The legume (legumen) is a follicle opening into two valves by 



520. Cherry. 521. Bramble. 522. Arum. 



Fruit cut vertically. Fruit. Fruit opened (mag.). 



519. Peach. 

 Fruit cut vertically. 



523. "Wood Anemone. 

 Whole achene and 

 achene cut vertically. 



524. Ranunculus. 

 523 bis. Cornflower. Achenes 



Fruit (mag.). in a head. 



526. Oat. 



Truit (mag.). 



o, ovary ; 



T, testa ; 



H, a, c, embryo : 



A, albumen. 



its dorsal and ventral sutures (Pea, fig. 516). Some Leyuminosce have spirally twisted 

 fruits (Lucerne, fig. 517) ; of others the fruit is indehiscent and one-seeded, hence a 

 true achene (Trefoil) ; of others it is a lomentum, i.e. the legume is contracted at 

 intervals into many cells by transverse septa ; when ripe, the fruit separates through 

 the septa of the cells into one-seeded joints (Coronilla, Sainfoin, fig. 518) ; other 

 legumes are vertically more or less perfectly two-celled, by the in- 

 flexion of the dorsal (Astragalus, fig. 391), or ventral suture (Oxytropis). 

 3. The drupe (drupa) is indehiscent, usually one-seeded, with a fleshy 

 mesocarp, and stony or bony endocarp (Peach, fig. 519; Cherry, fig. 

 520; Apricot, Plum, Almond, Walnut). Acini are the small drupes 

 forming the fruit of the Raspberry and Bramble, &c. (fig. 521). 4. The 

 simple berry only differs from the compound berry by originating in a 

 solitary carpel (Berberis, Arum, fig. 522). 5. The achene (achenium) 

 is dry, indehiscent, with a single free seed (not adhering to the 

 pericarp) ; it is solitary in the Cornflower (fig. 523 bis) and Dandelion-, 

 agglomerated in the Ranunculus (fig. 524), Anemone (fig. 523), Rose, 

 (fig. 525), and Strawberry (fig. 401). The utricle (utriculus) is an achene with a very 

 thin, and almost membranous pericarp (Scabious, Amaranth, Statice). 6. The 

 caryopsis (caryopsis) is dry, indehiscent, with a single seed adhering to the pericarp 

 (Wheat, Maize, Oat, fig. 526). 



Syncarpous Fruits. 7. The capsule (capsula) is dry, one- or many-celled, and 

 dehiscent; it is plurilocula-r and septicidal in St. John's Wort (fig. 527), Scrophularia, 

 (fig. 528), Mullein, Colchicum (fig. 529), Salicaria (fig. 530) ; loculicidal in Lilac, Lily, 

 Iris (fig. 531) ; septifragal in Datura (fig. 532), septicidal and loculicidal in Digitalis 

 and Linum catharticum. The valves of the unilocular capsule are placentiferous at 

 the edges in Gentian (fig. 533) ; placentiferous at the middle in Heartsease (fig. 534) 

 and Willow (fig. 535). The capsule of Orchis (fig. 536) opens into three valves 



H 2 



52".. Rose. 



Fruit 

 cut vertically. 



