LXVI. KHAMNE.E. 



347 



2-3-4 I-2-ovuled cells. OVULES erect, anatropous. FRUIT a drupe or capsule. EMBRYO 

 large, albumen scanty. STEM woody. LEAVES simple, 2-stipulate. 



Rhamnus. 

 Flower (mag.)- 



Rhamnus. 



Vertical section of flower 

 (mag.). 



Rhamnus. 

 Pistil (mag.). 



R. f'ranyiila. 

 Transverse section of a 



seed with plane 

 cotyledons (mag.). 



Buckthorn. (Rhamnus Frangula.) 



Rhamnus. 



Vertical section of a 



seed with lateral 



raphe (mag.). 



R. utilii. 



Section of a seed with 



dorsal raphe and bent 



cotyledons (mag.). 



TREES, SHRUBS, or UNDERSHRUBS, branches sometimes spinescent, sometimes 

 climbing by their extremity, which is bare of leaves (Gouania}. LEAVES simple, 

 usually alternate, rarely sub-opposite or opposite, entire or toothed, petioled, some- 

 times minute or suppressed (Colletia) ; stipules small or 0, sometimes transformed 

 into thorns. FLOWERS 2 or unisexual, regular, small, greenish, usually axillary, 

 solitary, or variously fascicled. CALYX 5-fid or -partite, aestivation valvate. DISK 

 adnate to the calyx, and lining it with a single or double layer, of various form. 

 PETALS 4-5, usually inserted at the edge of the disk, aestivation induplicate-valvate, 

 rarely (Colletia, Pomaderris). STAMENS 4-5, opposite to and inserted with the 

 petals ; filaments sometimes adnate to the base of the petals, but not connate ; 

 anthers introrse, dorsifixed, versatile, sometimes ovoid, with longitudinal dehiscence, 

 sometimes reniform and 1-celled by confluence of the cells at the top, and opening 



