742 CCXXIIL CONIFERS. 



scattered, or united in 1-7-foliate fascicles, girt at the base with a scarious sheath 

 (Pinus). FLOWERS monoecious, or rarely dioecious, stamens and ovuliferous scales 

 spirally arranged around a common axis, and forming terminal or lateral catkins. 

 CATKINS $ : STAMENS numerous, naked, more or less compact ; filaments very short, 

 thick, usually prolonged at the top into a scale-like straight or inflexed connective ; 

 anthers sometimes 2-celled, with ovoid-oblong apposed cells, separated by a more or 

 less developed connective which extends beyond them ; sometimes 3-many-celled ; 

 cells cylindric, 1-2-seriate below the connective, dehiscence longitudinal or trans- 

 verse ; pollen composed of 2 vesicles united by an intermediate membrane. CATKINS 

 ? : OVULIFEROUS SCALES usually numerous, sessile on their axis, or shortly ungui- 

 culate, never peltate, imbricate, accrescent, naked, or inserted in the axil of a 

 bract which is early arrested or accrescent, exceeding the scale ; ovules with inferior 

 inicropyle, 2 collateral (Pinus, Abies, Picea, Larix, Cedrus) or 3-5 (Cunninghamia, 

 Arthrotaxis), or 5-9 (Sequoia, Sciadopitys), or solitary (Araucaria, Eutassa, Dammara, 

 Dacrydium, Podocarpus}, inserted by their base towards the middle of the scale, or 

 sometimes adnate to it throughout their length, near its top (Araucaria, Podocarpus), 

 orthotropous, or very rarely anatropous (Podocarpus, Dacrydium). CONE usually 

 composed of persistent or deciduous seminiferous scales, woody or coriaceous, 

 thickened, or thin at the top. SEEDS as many as the ovules, inverted, adhering to 

 the scale, or caducous ; testa coriaceous or bony, rarely soft (Podocarpus}, often ter- 

 minating in a membranous wing above (Pinus, Abies, &c.), or unilateral (Araucaria) ; 

 albumen fleshy, oily. EMBEYO with oblong-linear cotyledons ; radicle cylindric, 

 inferior. 



[Under the tribes of this important family I have thought it right to introduce 

 the sub-tribes and all the genera, as given in the latest work on the subject, by Par- 

 latore, in De Candolle's * Prodromus ' : 



Sub-tribe I. ARACCARIE.S. Anthers 6 or more, 2-seriate, linear. Scales of cone spirally 

 arranged, deciduous. Seeds solitary, pendulous, wingless, or unequally winged ; cotyledons 

 2, entire or 2-partite. Leaves flat, often broad, or 4-gonous, sub-opposite or spirally arranged. 

 * Araucaria, (*Eutassa'), *Dammara. 



Sub-tribe II. PINEJ;. Anthers 2, sub-globoso or oblong. Scales of cone spirally arranged, 

 usually persistent. Seeds 2, collateral (rarely 1 arrested), pendulous, usually winged ; coty- 

 ledons 2, 2-oo -partite. Leaves various. *Pinus, (*Larix t *Cedrus, *Picca, * Abies, Tsuga, 

 Pseudolarix) . 



Sub-tribe III. TAXODIE^E. Anthers 2-5, rarely 9, 1-seriate. Scales of cone spirally 

 arranged (whorled in Widdringtonia), usually persistent. Seeds 3-9 (very rarely fewer), 

 winged or not ; cotyledons 2, usually entire. Leaves usually linear, rarely scale-like. 

 * Cunninghamia, * Arthrotaxis, *8ciadopitys, *Sequoia, Cryptomeria, Gli/ptostrobus, Taxodium, 

 Widdringtonia. 



Sub-tribe IV. CUPRESSINE.S:. (See Tribe II. Cupressiiiece, p. 744.) Anthers 3-5, rarely 2. 

 Scales of cone 4 or more, decussately opposite, or 3-4 in a whorl, persistent, free or connate 

 (Juniperus). Seeds erect, 2-3- winged, rarely wingless; cotyledons 2, usually entire. Leaves 

 opposite or whorled. Actinosirobus, Frenela, Callitris, Libocedrus, Thuja, Thuyopsis, Biota, 

 Diselma, Fitzroya, CTiamcecyparis, Cupressus, Jimiperus. 



