CCXXIII. CONIFERS. 



745 



Thuja. 

 flower (mag.). 



Thuja. Cypress. 



9 flower (mag.). <? flower (mag.). 



Thuja orientalis. (Biota.) 

 Young cone. 



Cypress. 

 Eipe cone. 



Cypress. 

 Seminiferous 

 scale, separated 

 from the cone. 



Thuja. Cypress. 



<? catkin (mag.). <? catkin (mag.). 



Juniper. 

 Fruit, entire and cut transversely 



Thuja orientalis. 

 Ripe fruit. 



Thuja. 

 Seminiferous scale (mag.). 



Cypress. Seed, entire 

 and cut vertically (mag.). 



Juniper. Seed, entire 

 and cut vertically (mag.). 



Cupressinece prefer a temperate climate ; they extend from Central Europe to the eastern extremity 

 of Asia ; they are spread over North America, South Africa, and Australia. Junipers and Cypresses 

 inhabit all the northern temperate zone ; the common Juniper (Juniperus communis) ascends to the snow 

 line. Cryptomeria and Biota belong to China and Japan, as do Thuyopsis and Chamcccyparis, several 

 species of which are also American. Taxodiitm and Thuja belong to North America [and Japan], Libocedrus 

 to Chili and New Zealand, Widdringtonia to South Africa and Madagascar, Frenela [and Actinostrobus] 

 to Australia, Callitris to North Africa, [Diselma to Tasmania, Fitzroya to Chili]. 



Cupressinea! possess volatile resinous matters with properties analogous to those of Abietinece. The 

 essence contained in their herbaceous parts and fruit is of the same nature as the essence of turpentine, 

 but the resin which exudes from their, trunk contains only traces of volatile oil, and no succinic acid. 

 This resin, combined with an astringent principle, is in some species stimulating and tonic. Other 

 Cupressinces are useful in manufactures, from the hardness and aroma of their wood. 



The common Juniper (Juniperus communis), a dioecious tree, like all its congeners, is a native of 

 Europe and Siberia ; it produces fleshy fruits, improperly called berries, which contain sugar, and 

 are thus fermentable ; they also yield a medicinal extract or rob, Which is sugary, resinous and very 

 stomachic, and enters into the composition of gin. The aromatic wood of the Juniper is used for 

 fumigating. 



The fruits of J. Oxycednis, a shrub of the Mediterranean region, may replace those of the preceding 

 species; its wood, when burnt in a closed vessel, gives off an oily liquid, with a very strong empyreumatic 

 odour, used in veterinary medicine. The leaves of J. Sabina, a European shrub, contain a foetid 



