960 XIII. FUNGI. 



SECTION II. Conceptacle membranous, more or less thick, fleshy, coriaceous or 

 horny, sessile or pedicelled, opening variously and enclosing the clinodium (Endoclinal 

 Clinosporece). 



PRINCIPAL 'GENERA. 



(Ecidium. Parmvuaria. Prosthemium Hendersonia. Microtheciura. 



Angiospoma. 

 Kavenalia. 



The Tuberctdarifc are extremely common Fungi ; they affect the bark of branches, and are 

 remarkable for their intense red colour. Several species of Splueria live parasitically upon them, and this 

 parasitism is so frequent, th&t it has led some botanists to look upon them as a peculiar (conidial) con- 

 dition of the SpfuBriaon which they grow ; that is to say, a supplementary mode by whicbthese Sphterieo 

 are reproduced ; but when we find the same Tuberndnna giving birth simultaneously to two perfectly 

 distinct SpfitFria: (S. paratitaiu and S. rinnabarina), and the common Ttdterctdaria of the Gooseberry 

 sometimes supporting S. cmnabaritta and apptndieulata (which is certainly not a variety), Fusarium auran- 

 tiactim bearing at the same time S. jndicari* and o/mwj, and F. tremellosinn producing at the same time 

 Pesizti Tulaatontm and Sjiheeria coccinea it may be doubted whether the theory of this conidial state 

 rests on a firm base. To support it, it has been found necessary to unite different species of Fusarivm 

 and SelaHMporiwn in one, as has been done with Tubercularia. Sphacelia vegeium vegetates between the 

 pericarp and the ovule of Gramineee and Cypcrttcetc ; during development it rends the pericarp and sup- 

 presses it, and affects the growth of the ovule, and is then termed ergot ; this ergot somewhat resembles 

 the seed in shape, but has no envelopes ; it has a foetid smell, and a very deep violet or black fissured 

 surface ; if sown it does not germinate, but if one of its ends be placed in the (aith, and it te covered by 

 a bell-glass, it produces two elegant Sphariat (S. pnrpima and niitrcapltlla). The same ergot has been 

 seen to bear both these at the same time. The Still tr have the same structure as Twbercularia, only fcheir 

 pedicel is longer; they are also regarded as the conidial state of s< me Sj/iariee. The spores of Astero- 

 fporium, placed between two plates of glass, rmmblea Mar, and still more what was formerly called 

 a Crow-foot. The spores of Dictyotporntm are oval. compressed, and latticed like the leaves of Ovvir- 

 andra. 



Most of the diseases of our cereals must be attributed to the group of Clmotporete, whose spores 

 pierce the tissues of their leaves and roots. The Rust of Wheat, which comprises two badly-described 

 species (Urcdo linearis and U. Jtubigo-rera), appears as a yellow or orange dust on the leaves and straw 

 of Granrineee ; it is composed of spherical or slightly ovoid globules. The Greater Ilust (U. Vi/morinea) is 

 easily distinguished by its large elliptic spores, covered with very small, usually shortly pedicelled ppiculro, 

 and by its dark orange colour : it appears principally on the haulm ; when very prevalent, the farmers say 

 that the Wheat is turning red. It has been believed, on their authority, that this Rust is the first state of 

 Mildew (Pticcinia Granrini*) ; but to prove the contrary, it is only necessary to place a mark on the stalks 

 under observation. The Rust of the Glumes (U. glvmarwn) is developed on the floral envelopes, and 

 often on the seed itself. It does not really exist, for we find on the same glumes and bolls' the three 

 species in question, and with them the Puccinia Gramini*. Bunt (Ustilago Caries) is very common, and 

 attacks Wheat, occupying the interior of the pericarp, and leaving no trace of the ovule ; the diseased 

 seed nearly retains its shape, but when pressed emits an unctuous eoft pulp or black dust, which 

 smells like decaying fish. Smut (Ustilago segetvm) is a Fungus which usuips the place of the ovule of 

 cereals, or renders them abortive, attacking the pericarp, floral envelopes, and even the spikelets, and 

 reducing them to a black powder which is wafted to a distance by the wind. It is observed in Wheat, 

 Barley, Oats, Millet, and Sorghum, but very rarely in Rye. The Maize Smut (U. Maydis) is remarkable 

 from its attacking all parts of the plant above ground, forming larger or smaller irregular tubercles, which 

 finally break and emit a black sanious matter that stains all parts of the plant. If the organs of fructi- 

 fication are attacked, no fruit is to be expected. Puccmits are brown or blackish parasitic Fungi, the 



