152 ORDER 70. COMPOSITE. 



Involucel 4-sided, closely investing the calyx and fruit. Cor. 4-cleft, lobes 

 erect. Fruit 1-seeded, crowned with the calyx. (2) Stout, prickly. Leaves 

 connate --t base. Hds. oblong, the middle zone of florets first expanding. 

 1 1>. sylvestris Mill. Wild T. Lvs. sinuate or jagged ; bracts slender, erect, pun- 

 gem, ionger than the heads ; chaff pungent, with a straight point. Waysides and 

 hedges, Mass, to Gal. I 5f. Flowers bluish. July. Europe. 



C 1>. FU7J.ONUM. Fullers' T. Leaves serrate or entire ; bracts of the involucre spread- 

 ing : chaff rigid, erect, with sharp, hooked points. Europe. 4f. July. 



2. SCABIOSA, L. SCABISH. Fls. in heads. Involucre many-leaved. 

 Involved nearly cylindrical, with 8 little excavations. Calyx limb con- 

 sisting of 5 setae, sometimes partially abortive. U Mostly European. 



S. ATIIOP JRPUREA. Mourning Bride. Leaves pinnatifld and incised ; heads radiant , 

 receptacle cylindric. India? 3f. Purple. Beautiful. 

 S CANDroissiMA. Flowers pure white. There are many other varieties. 



ORDER LXX. COMPOSITE. ASTERWORTS. 



Plant* Herbaceous or shrubby, with compound flowers (of the old bota- 

 nists), i. f,., the flowers in dense heads (capitula) surrounded by an involucre 

 of many bracts (scales), with 5 united anthers, and the fruit an achenium 

 (cypsela). Leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate, simple, yet often much 

 divided. Flowers (florets) oo, crowded, sessile, on the receptacle with or 

 without pales (chaff). Calyx adherent, the limb wanting or divided into 

 bristles, hail's, &c. (pappus). Corolla tubular, of 5 lobes with a marginal 

 vein, oftin ligulate or bilabiate. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes of the 

 corolla, anthers cohering into a tube. Ovary 1-eelled, with 1 erect ovule. 

 Style single, with 2 stigmas at summit. Fruit a cypsela ( 151), dry, inde 

 hiscent, 1-seeded, often crowned with a pappus. (See 104, 348, 362.) 



Figs. 68, 72-7, 103, 146, 160, 178, 261, 319, 341-6, 387-8, 433-4, 446-8, 492. 



An immense and perfectly natural assemblage, of about 1000 genera and 

 9000 species. In the United States very few are shrubby. 



The flowers are perfect or variously diclinous. If the head has all its 

 flowers of one kind, whether $ , or $ , or 2 , it is homogamous ; if of dif- 

 ferent kinds, it is lieterogamom. The following are De Candolle's Subor- 

 ders and Tribes, with a convenient artificial analysis appended. 



I. TUBliJi..IFLiOIlj9E. Corolla of the perfect ttowert tubular, r,-li>l>ert. (A.) 

 TRIBE 1, VEKNONIACE^E. Branches of the style long, slender, terete, and hispid all 



over Heads discoid. Flowers all alike, perfect Nos. 1 3 



TRIBE 2, EUPATORIACE^E. Branches of the style clavate, obtuse, flattened, minutely 



pubescent. Heads discoid. Flowers all alike, perfect Nos. 41 5 



TRIBES, ASTEROIDE.4S. Branches of the style flat, linear, downy above aiid opposite 



the distinct, stigmatic lines, appendaged at top. Heads discoid or radiate Nos. 16 34 



TRIBE 4, S.*5NECIONID.E. Branches of the style linear, fringed at the top, truncate or 



extended into a conical, hispid appendage Nos. 3589 



TRIBE 5, CTNAREifi. Style thickened or node-like at top. Branches not appendaged, 



the stiprmatic lines not prominent, reaching the apex Nog. 9098 



II. IjIGCLIFLiOR^E. Corollas all lig-ulate (radiant), flowers all perfect, (B.) 

 TRIBE 6, CfCHORACE^E. Branches of the style long, obtuse, pubescent all over ; gtig- 



matic lines commencing below their middle. Juice milky Noe.99 118 



