6 PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS OF TESTING INTELLIGENCE 



methods that are to be employed in daily life, their 

 form is determined, at least in part, by the practical 

 needs that are to be satisfied by intelligence testing. 

 We must distinguish four groups that arise from the 

 combination of the two pairs of terms : abnormal and 

 normal, adult and child. 2 



(a) Adult, abnormal individuals form the chief 

 material of the psychiatrists, who in consequence 

 were the first to want to test intelligence. 3 Not only 

 have they invented single methods, but they have also 

 devised whole series or systems of examination 

 (Rieger, Kraepelin, Sommer, Ziehen, Gregor, Bern- 

 stein, Bossolimo, et al.) The contents of these sys- 

 tems are such as to bring them only partially within 

 our scope; by far the greater portion of them take 

 on the character of questions and qualitative tests 

 rather than that of quantitatively gradable tests; 

 even where these latter have been used, comparative 

 material for normal persons is often enough want- 

 ing. Whether the outcome of any one of these tests 

 might really indicate an abnormally weak intelligence 

 was frequently judged on the basis of a preconceived 

 opinion as to how normal men might be expected to 

 react to the test in question. In recent years this 

 has been remedied. Eodenwald (22) showed with 

 regard to a group of information tests how much of 

 what had a priori been deemed abnormal really lay 

 within the bounds of normality. Many psychiatrists 

 have sought to obtain comparative standards for 



2 A similar division is used by Meumann (15), though he, to be 

 sure, defines intelligence somewhat more broadly than do we. 



8 An extensive general summary of the more important methods 

 of intelligence testing used by alienists will be found in Jaspers 



