ESTIMATION AND TESTING OF FINER GRADATIONS 137 



The correlations found by Burt are in general 

 somewhat lower for the elementary than for the 

 higher school, but no particular value is to be 

 ascribed to the higher correlations on account of the 

 small number, 13, of subjects in the second group. 



Ries 5 used two methods : Method A is patterned 

 after the Ranschburg method of word-pairs; each 

 word-pair is comprised of two words that stand in a 

 causal relation to one another, e. g., i hunger 7 * weak- 

 ness/ Each pair was pronounced and their reten- 

 tion tested by the method of right associates. Method 

 B was in the form of an association experiment: to 

 each word pronounced there was to be given as a 

 response a word whose meaning stood in the relation 

 of effect to cause with the stimulus word. In both 

 methods the plan was to bring intelligence into action 

 by the use of logical relations. And in fact the re- 

 sults did furnish a very high correlation with esti- 

 mated intelligence and with a small probable error, 

 viz. : with Method A 0.59, 0.85, 0.89, 0.86 and 0.90 (in 

 the different classes) and with Method B 0.85, 0.94, 

 0.86, 0.91. 



A supplementary test undertaken for comparative 

 purposes by means of the Ebbinghaus completion 

 method gave in two classes somewhat smaller cor- 

 relations. 



Ries' results doubtless show that the methods that 

 he proposes may lay claim to a place in a system of 

 tests for securing rank-orders of intelligence. On 

 the other hand, it should not be concluded from the 



Reference 78. See also the extensive critical review of Ries by 

 Bobertag, Zeits. f. angew. Psych., 5, p. 207. 



