xii Contents 



CHAPTER X 



PAGES 



THE PROPAGATION OF ORCHARD TREES .... 173-178 

 Apple Seedlings ......... 17o 



Dwarf Apples 174 



Northern Spy Roots and Woolly Aphis . . . .174 



How Root Grafts are Made 175 



Budding 175 



Dwarf Pears .... 176 



Budding Peach Trees ......... 177 



The Apricot 178 



The Plums 178 



The Cherries . . .178 



CHAPTER XI 



THE TILLAGE or ORCHARDS . ... 179-183 



Clean Culture can be Overdone ...... 179 



The Benefits of Tillage 181 



Inter-mountain Practice ....... 182 



Irrigation and Clean Cultivation soon compacts Soil . . 183 

 Importance of Organic Matter ....... 183 



CHAPTER XII 



FERTILIZERS AND SHADE-CROPS . 184-202 



Soil Fertility not Inexhaustible 184 



Elements of Plant-food 187 



Fertilizer Experiment with Potatoes ..... 189 



Benefits of Green Manures ....... 190 



Cover-crops . 190 



Shade-crops 190 



Decaying Vegetable Matter ....... 191 



Moisture .......... 191 



Puddling . 192 



Earthworms . 192 



Porous Soils . . 192 



Freezing Dry . 193 



