368 Fruit-growing in Arid Regions 



the appearance of suffering for water. The mites feed on the 

 leaves, but deposit their red eggs on trunk and limbs. When 

 very abundant, the eggs give a red color to the bark, an effect 

 that is more often noticed during winter. 



Mites are found on nearly all tree-fruits and on small-fruits as 

 well. They are sometimes particularly destructive to the red 

 raspberry. 



This insect is best combated in the egg stage at any time in 

 winter. For this purpose the lime-sulfur mixture or whale-oil 

 soap, quadruple strength, may be used. If it becomes necessary 

 to spray while the leaves are on the trees, use whale-oil soap or 

 Black Leaf of ordinary strengths. 



Codlin-moth (Carpocapsa pomonella'). Flesh-colored larvae 

 eating into the fruit and causing wormy apples. The first brood 

 of larvae (worms) begin eating into the fruit when early apples 

 are about an inch in diameter. This brood is not very numerous, 

 but it develops a second brood later in summer which is very 

 much more numerous. 



A good brand of arsenate of lead is the only poison that is 

 worth considering, although other forms of arsenates may be used. 



The methods of spraying for the codlin-moth have changed 

 rapidly in recent years. Formerly the trees were often sprayed 

 eight and ten times a season, but in spite of this a large per- 

 centage of wormy apples was the rule. Growers who followed 

 this practice failed to appreciate the fact that about three-fourths 

 of the first brood of worms enter the apples at the calyx. This 

 is where the importance of filling each calyx-cup with poison 

 comes in. If all of the first brood could be killed, there would 

 be no second brood and consequently no worms late in the sum- 

 mer, when the greatest damage occurs. Many orchardists appre- 

 ciate this fact, and so devote all their energies to applying the first 

 spray at the proper time and in a thorough manner. This is a 

 job that cannot be neglected. As soon as the petals have mostly 

 fallen, spraying should be begun, and it must be persistently fol- 

 lowed. The calyxes remain open for only about six or eight days, 

 and after this the spraying is practically useless for the first brood 

 of worms. If a second application is thought desirable, it should 



