14 FRUIT AND ITS CULTIVATION. 



originally obtained from seedling forms of the Paradise 

 apple, and subsequently by means of layers. The latter 

 are distinguished from the Crab and Free stocks by their 

 mass of fibrous roots and their dwarfer growth. Cordon 

 and bush trees worked upon these stocks make a sturdier 

 and more fruitful growth, and come into 1 bearing when 

 two to three years old. Moreover, their fibrous root 

 growth enables them to be easily lifted and replanted 

 without unduly affecting their future growth. 



Forms of Trees. The chief forms of trees grown in 

 Britain are the standard (Fig. 10), half-standard, pyramid, 

 bush (Fig. 5), espalier (Fig. 6), and cordon (Figs. 7 

 and 8). Standards have a main stem, or trunk, about 

 6ft. high, with branches at the apex. Such trees 

 are suitable for orchards or single specimens in gar- 

 dens where there is ample room for growth. Half-standards 

 have stems 3 to 4ft. high, with branches at the top, and 

 they are best suited for gardens or mixed plantations. 

 Being of dwarfer stature than the standards, they can be 

 more readily pruned, and the crop also gathered with less 

 difficulty. 



Pyramids are dwarf trees with a clear main stem one 

 foot in height, and with branches radiating from a con- 

 tinuation of the stem, the upper ones gradually diminishing 

 in length. They are suitable for gardens. Bush trees 

 are a kind of miniature standard, with a clear stem of 

 one foot or so, and a head of branches. These worked on 

 the Paradise stock are the best form of tree for large or 

 small gardens, because they make a neat, compact growth, 

 and fruit freely. Espalier trees are to be had in various 

 forms, but the most popular one is the horizontal espalier. 

 This has a central main stem, with lateral or side branches 

 growing at right angles on each side. This form of tree 

 can be trained to trellises by the side of garden paths, or 

 to walls or high fences. Another type of the espalier is 

 the gridiron. This has a short main stem, then a branch 

 trained horizontally on each side, and from these vertical 



