THE PEAR. 141 



Bushes, pyramids, and espaliers will do all right in gar- 

 dens sheltered by hedges, fences, or walls. Early Pears 

 may be grown on north and east walls ; mid-season varie- 

 ties on a west wall ; and late ones on a south wall. 



Forms of Trees. Pears may be grown in a variety of 

 ways, as standards (Fig. 10), half-standards, standard fan- 

 trained, dwarf fan-trained, espaliers (Fig. 54), bushes, 

 pyramids (Fig. 52), toasting-forks, pitch-forks palmette 

 verriers (Fig. 53), vertical single cordons, oblique single 

 cordons, double vertical cordons, double oblique cordons, 

 and horizontal cordons. (Figs. 7, 8, and 9.) 



Standards have stems 5ft. to 6ft. high, with branches 

 at the apex. These are suitable for orchards or mixed 

 plantations. Half-standards have stems 3ft. to 4ft. high, 

 with branches at apex. Such trees- are adapted for mixed 

 plantations or large gardens. Standard fan-trained trees 

 have stems about 4ft. high, with branches trained fan- 

 wise ; these are adapted for high walls. Dwarf fan-trained 

 trees have short stems, with branches trained similarly 

 to the last. These are suitable for walls loft, to i2ft. 

 high. Espaliers have horizontal branches trained at right 

 angles to the main stem and ift. apart on each side of the 

 tree. Suitable for training to trellises in the open garden, 

 or against walls. Bushes are dwarf, compact trees, worked 

 on the Quince, and suitable for mixed plantations or small 

 gardens. Pyramids have their branches trained cone- 

 shaped, and they may be large, grafted on the Pear stock, 

 or dwarf, worked on the Quince. " Toasting-forks" are 

 trees trained with three vertical stems issuing from a 

 short main stem, and furnished with fruiting spurs. 

 4< Pitch-forks " have two vertical stems issuing from a 

 short main stem. Both suitable for walls. Palmette ver- 

 riers have horizontal branches trained at right angles to 

 each side of the main stem for some distance, then they 

 are trained in a vertical position. Suitable for wall culture. 

 Single cordons consist of one stem furnished with spurs, 

 and they are either vertically or obliquely trained. Double 

 cordons have two stems, and horizontal cordons are trees 



